KONTRIBUSI AGROFORESTRI HERBAL TERHADAP PENERIMAAN TUNAI MASYARAKAT LOKAL DI SEKITAR MANOKWARI UTARA (STUDI KASUS DI KAMPUNG BREMI, NYOOM I, DAN LEBAU)

Sistem agroforestri merupakan pengelolaan lahan dan system pemanfaatan yang mengkobinasikan tanaman kehutan dan pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan komposisi pemanfaatan tanaman herbal dan tanaman hutan dengan tujuan memperoleh dan meningkatkan pendapatan ekonomi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di distrik Mnokwari Utara dengan focus pada tiga kampung antara lain Bremi, Nyoom I, and Lebau dengan menggunakan metode studi kasus melalaui teknik pengamatan. Hasil penelitian memperihatkan bahwa tercatat ada 6 (enam) spesies tanaman herbal yang didominasi oleh serai (Cymbopongon nardusi) dan kunyit (Curcuma longa), sedangkan tanaman non herbal tercatat sebanyak 12 (duabelas) spesies yang didominasi oleh pisang (Musa sp) dan cabe (Capsicum annum). Berdasarkan komponen penyusun agroforestry lahan kebun yang dikembangkan oleh masyarakat tergolong Agrisilviculture dengan pola tanam acakcampur (random mixture) dan trees along border pada system perladangan berpindah (shifting cultivation). Penerimaan tunai yang diperoleh masyarakat lokal pada agroforestry berkisar antara Rp. 10.597 – Rp. 36.684 dengan rata-rata Rp. 13.043 (kk/Thn), sedangkan non herbal berkisar antara Rp. 1.465.937 – Rp. 1.549.677(kk/ Thn) dengan rata-rata Rp. 1.489.173 (kk/ Thn). Tanaman herbal memberikan kontribusi terhadap penerimaan tunai masyarakat yaitu berkisar antara -0,71-2,37% dengan rata-rata 0,85%.

Penerapan Pola Agroforestri Berbasis Kelapa dan Pendapatan Petani di Desa Samuda, Kabupaten Halmahera Utara

This study aims to determine the application of agroforestry patterns and their contribution to the income of farmers in the village of Samuda, North Halmahera Regency. The research method used was a purposive sampling method, with 30 respondent farmers who had coconut-based agroforestry land. Data collection and analysis are done descriptively and quantitatively. The results showed that two patterns of agroforestry application, the Agrisilvikultur Tress Along with Borders pattern and the Agrisilvikultur Random Mixture pattern, we're able to make many ecological and economic contributions. From the ecological point of view, mixed agroforestry patterns can increase resistance to plant diseases, and economically, agroforestry patterns can increase farmers' average income. Completion of coconut-based agroforestry in the form of copra increased the average annual income of IDR 35,633,333.3/year and the average income from secondary crops by IDR. 1,249,637,500/year. While the average income from non-agroforestry products is IDR 34,550,000/year. Comparison of income and expenditure shows that the average income of farmers is greater than the expenditure, so the application of agroforestry patterns has a significant influence on the level of welfare of farmers in the study area.

О структуре тонких пленок монооксида германия

By means of optical (Raman spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and electron microscopic methods, it was found that the atomic structure of stoichiometric germanium monoxide films corresponds to the random bonding model, without the formation of germanium nanoclusters. This structure is metastable and transforms into a structure which is close to random mixture model at a temperature 260 oC and higher. The metastability of solid GeO may be related to the presence of internal mechanical stresses in the atomic network.

Sebaceoma of a Meibomian Gland of the Upper Eyelid

Over a period of 1 year, a 74-year-old man slowly developed a painless left upper eyelid intratarsal mass. The skin was movable over the lesion. At surgery, a well-circumscribed, yellow-white, partially cystic tumor was encountered. Histopathologically it was composed of a random mixture of basaloid and sebaceous cells arranged in interconnecting cords. Immunohistochemical evaluation disclosed epithelial membrane antigen, adipophilin, and cytokeratin 14 positivity. These findings led to the diagnosis of a sebaceoma. The tumor cells abnormally failed to express mismatch repair proteins for MLH1 and PMS2. The patient did not have a personal history of any visceral malignancy, but his father had died at the age of 46 years and a daughter at the age of 33 years from colonic carcinomas. The implications of this periocular sebaceoma for the Muir-Torre syndrome are explored.

Hybridizing transgenic Bt cotton with non-Bt cotton counters resistance in pink bollworm

Extensive cultivation of crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from the bacteriumBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) has suppressed some major pests, reduced insecticide sprays, enhanced pest control by natural enemies, and increased grower profits. However, these benefits are being eroded by evolution of resistance in pests. We report a strategy for combating resistance by crossing transgenic Bt plants with conventional non-Bt plants and then crossing the resulting first-generation (F1) hybrid progeny and sowing the second-generation (F2) seeds. This strategy yields a random mixture within fields of three-quarters of plants that produce Bt toxin and one-quarter that does not. We hypothesized that the non-Bt plants in this mixture promote survival of susceptible insects, thereby delaying evolution of resistance. To test this hypothesis, we compared predictions from computer modeling with data monitoring pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac produced by transgenic cotton in an 11-y study at 17 field sites in six provinces of China. The frequency of resistant individuals in the field increased before this strategy was widely deployed and then declined after its widespread adoption boosted the percentage of non-Bt cotton plants in the region. The correspondence between the predicted and observed outcomes implies that this strategy countered evolution of resistance. Despite the increased percentage of non-Bt cotton, suppression of pink bollworm was sustained. Unlike other resistance management tactics that require regulatory intervention, growers adopted this strategy voluntarily, apparently because of advantages that may include better performance as well as lower costs for seeds and insecticides.

A Continuous Flow Device for the Purification of Semiconducting Nanoparticles by AC Dielectrophoresis

ABSTRACTSingle-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have attracted significant attention as building blocks for future nanoscale electronics due to their small size and unique electronic properties. However, current SWCNT production techniques generate a mixture of two types of nanotubes with divergent electrical behaviors due to structural variations. Some of the nanotubes act as metallic materials while others display semiconducting properties. This random mixture has prevented the realization of functional carbon nanotube-based nanoelectronics. Here, a method of purifying a continuous flow of semiconducting nanotubes from an initially random mixture of both metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs in suspension is presented. This purification uses A/C dielectrophoresis (DEP), and takes advantage of the large difference of the relative dielectric constants between metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs. Because of a difference in magnitude and opposite directions of a dielectrophoretic force imposed on the random SWCNT solution, metallic SWCNTs deposit onto an electrode while semiconducting SWCNTs remain in suspension [3]. A discussion of these techniques is presented, along with a dielectrophoretic force-utilized microfluidic lab-on-a-chip device that can accomplish purification of semiconducting nanoparticles at high processing rates. The effectiveness of the device is characterized using Raman spectroscopy analysis on separated samples.

PARRONDO GAMES WITH SPATIAL DEPENDENCE II

Let game B be Toral's cooperative Parrondo game with (one-dimensional) spatial dependence, parameterized by N ≥ 3 and p0, p1, p2, p3 ∈ [0, 1], and let game A be the special case p0 = p1 = p2 = p3 = 1/2. In previous work we investigated μB and μ(1/2, 1/2), the mean profits per turn to the ensemble of N players always playing game B and always playing the randomly mixed game (1/2)(A + B). These means were computable for 3 ≤ N ≤ 19, at least, and appeared to converge as N → ∞, suggesting that the Parrondo region (i.e., the region in which μB ≤ 0 and μ(1/2, 1/2) > 0) has nonzero volume in the limit. The convergence was established under certain conditions, and the limits were expressed in terms of a parameterized spin system on the one-dimensional integer lattice. In this paper we replace the random mixture with the nonrandom periodic pattern Ar Bs, where r and s are positive integers. We show that μ[r, s], the mean profit per turn to the ensemble of N players repeatedly playing the pattern Ar Bs, is computable for 3 ≤ N ≤ 18 and r + s ≤ 4, at least, and appears to converge as N → ∞, albeit more slowly than in the random-mixture case. Again this suggests that the Parrondo region (μB ≤ 0 and μ[r, s] > 0) has nonzero volume in the limit. Moreover, we can prove this convergence under certain conditions and identify the limits.