THE ROLE OF CAP RISK MANAGEMENT IN INCOME STABILISATION: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF IST IN SLOVAKIA

In the European Commission (EC) proposals for the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) post2020 is emphasized the aim to better support the resilience of agricultural systems in the European Union (EU). This resilience is based on the concern that the agricultural sector should be supported in responding to current and future economic, societal, and environmental challenges and risks. Managing risk in farming includes number of activities and strong effort of farms and policy makers. One part of risk management refers to income stabilisation, aimed at decreasing the unstable financial situation and high level of income volatility in European agriculture. In the EU, every year at least 20% of farmers experience an income loss of more than 30% compared with their average income in the three previous years. The public instruments to mitigate the income risk of farmers included under the Pillar II (insurance premiums, mutual funds, and the Income stabilisation tool) have been implemented only by very low number of EU countries. In the paper, we analyze the ability to decrease the instability of Slovak farmers with the use of Income stabilisation tool of CAP. The Income stabilisation tool (IST) can be used to indemnify the farmers, who experienced a “severe drop” in income, reflecting the income loss of more than 20% or 30% compared to the 3-years average annual income, or the 5-years average annual income, excluding highest and lowest entry (Olympic average). The IST has not been used in the Slovakia, or any other European country operationally so far.

Impact of COVID-19 on Food and Non-Food Consumption Behaviour of People in the Western Zone of Tamil Nadu

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the global pandemic COVID-19 on household income, expenditure, and consumption behaviour of farmers in the western zone of Tamil Nadu during the year 2020. The Annur block in the Coimbatore district was purposively chosen for this study since majority of the farmers cultivating horticultural crops were affected significantly due to COVID-19 situation. A total of 210 farmers were selected using a proportionate sampling technique by covering the vegetable (Tomato, Brinjal, and Bhendi) and flower crops (Jasmine, Mullai, and Rose). The study helped in analyzing the changes noticed in the livelihoods of the farmers as a consequence of the emergence of this global pandemic situation. The findings of the study indicated that the average annual income of farmers has been lowered about 17 per cent due to COVID-19 along with subsequent effects on household consumption expenditure and savings being reduced about 16 per cent and 35 per cent, respectively. Further, the expenses on food items had increased about 8 per cent, while non-food group expenses had plummeted about 46 per cent. On the other hand, medical expenses significantly enhanced to an extent of about 38 per cent among the sampled households.

Contribution of snail production to income status of snail farmers in Edo South, Edo State, Nigeria

This study examined the contribution of snail production to the income status of snail farmers in Edo South Senatorial District, Edo State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of snail producers, estimate the costs and returns of snail production in the study area, examine the effect of snail production on income of snail farmers and identify the constraints to the production of snail in the study area. A two-stage sampling procedure comprising purposive and snowballing sampling techniques was employed to select 108 respondents for the study. However, 100 respondents provided useful information that was used for the analysis. Data were collected using structured questionnaire. Analysis of data was done using descriptive statistics and budgetary techniques and t-test. The results indicated that the majority of the respondents were females (61%) with average age of 38 years. Most of them were married (81%) with average household size of five persons. They had average of eight years experience in snail rearing and most of them (88%) were literate. The results further showed that the business of snail production in the study area was profitable with gross margin, net profit and return on investment of ₦359,455.00, ₦ 339,533.00 and 2.04 per annum, respectively. Without income from this business, the snail farmers had average annual income of ₦1,377,519.00 from other sources of livelihood. With the addition of income from snail production, their average annual income increased to ₦1,717,052.00, representing 20% increase. This increase was significant at p < 0.05 (t-ratio = 5.02). Thus, snail production had made significant contribution to improving the income of the snail producers. It was recommended that the unemployed youths should go into the business of snail production in order to improve their income status.

Adequacy, utilization and repayment of society for social service credit on poor women of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh

The present study was an attempt to assess adequacy, utilization and repayment of Society for Social Service (SSS) credit on women beneficiaries. Interviewing 90 respondents randomly selected from five villages of Gouripur upazila of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. The study revealed that both annual income and expenditure of the respondent households have increased after joining the micro credit program of SSS. Average annual income of agriculture and petty business enterprises are Tk. 80726.57 and 74864.14 respectively while average annual expenditure of agriculture and petty business enterprises are Tk. 78776.65 and 67912.37 respectively. Overall annual savings of agriculture and petty business enterprises are Tk. 3733.25 and 8475.09 respectively. Moreover, the women are better at present in respect of social awareness, freedom of attitude, financial freedom and also exercising their right in decision making activities. The study identified some crucial problems such as lack of adequate credit, high rate of interest, burden of old debt, lack of storage and marketing facilities, lack of improved seeds/breed and low price of their products, etc. The findings suggest that the amount of credit should be provided in accordance with their requirement, reduced interest rate and arranging for reasonable price of their products. Finally it was concluded that the SSS credit program benefited the women beneficiaries in respect of increasing income, creating self-employment opportunity, improving social status and at least in reducing the poverty from the study area. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2021, 5 (1), 1-10

Granger causality between cardiovascular diseases and some macroeconomic indicators: Azerbaijan case

Objective: Statistical assessment of the interdependence of CVD indicators on macroeconomic indicators on the example of Azerbaijan. Design: Research design is to test statistical hypotheses about the presence of direct and inverse causal relationships between CDV-indicators and macroeconomic indicators. Baseline and estimated data cover the period from 1991 to 2018 and are based on data from the SSCRA (2019) report. We use paired linear regression in which macroeconomic indicators are independent and CDV indicators are dependent variables. The stationarity of the time series was checked using the ADF test. To investigate the causal relationship between time series, the Granger test was used. Main Outcome Measures: p-level < 0.05; time lags are 1, 2 and 3 years. Results: Absence of direct and inverse causal relationship between CVD indicators and macroeconomic indicators GDP per capita, average annual income households per capita and average annual income households per capita. Conclusions: In the period from 1991 to 2018, the number of CDV deaths in Azerbaijan increased by 1.54. There is a steady increase in CDV diseases by 2.23 times. Despite GDP growth, there is no direct and inverse causal relationship between CVD indicators and macroeconomic indicators in the sense of the Granger test.

Indigenous peoples of Canada: key indicators of the current stage of socioeconomic development

The subject of this research is the socioeconomic situation of the indigenous peoples of Canada at the present stage of their development. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of such key socioeconomic indicators as life expectancy of the representatives of indigenous population, employment and unemployment rate, average annual income, level of secondary and higher education, command of native language, etc. An attempt is made to determine the major factors of socioeconomic development, measures of state support, as well as the existing problems and future prospects. The author notes correlation between the modernization of education of indigenous peoples and preservation of their languages and cultural traditions. Since the early 2000s, the socioeconomic situation of indigenous peoples of Canada has somewhat improved, considering high rate of population growth, as well as slight minimization of the gap with nonindigenous Canadians such key indicators as life expectancy, employment rate, level of education, and average annual income. First and foremost, it pertains to the indigenous peoples outside Indian reservations and Mestizo. The situation with indigenous peoples in Indian reservations and the Inuit remains complicated. Majority of the problems that slow down the pace of socioeconomic development are associated namely with these groups of indigenous peoples. In economic terms, there is a noticeable increase of self-employment among the indigenous population, the development of aboriginal tourism. Positive changes are associated with popularization of the indigenous culture, which ultimately leads to the fact that more and more of the indigenous people in the country seek to legitimize their descent. Considering a significant share of young representatives of indigenous population, the government of Canada takes measures on the development of new programs in the sphere of education and employment, which are aimed not only at improving the quality of life of the indigenous peoples, but also at preserving their ethnocultural heritage.

DAMPAK USAHATANI KOMODITAS PORANG TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT DI DESA KLANGON, KECAMATAN SARADAN, KABUPATEN MADIUN

AbstrakPorang menjadi komoditi ekspor unggulan Desa Klangon Kecamatan Saradan Kabupaten Madiun. Tanaman porang memiliki harga jual yang tinggi dan merupakan komoditi utama sebagai salah satu sumber pendapatan daerah, serta kemakmuran masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dampak usahatani komoditas porang terhadap kesejahteraan masyarakat yang dilihat dari kelembagaan dan biaya produksi, pemasaran dan penerimaan serta pendapatan petani. Objek lokasi penelitian dipilih berdasarkan pertimbangan bahwasannya Desa Klangon merupakan sentral produsen porang di Kabupaten Madiun dan sekaligus endemik porang Indonesia yang diberi dengan Madiun-1. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa, ditinjau dari tingkat kesejahteraan rakyat di Desa Klangon ini mayoritas pada tingkat level sedang, dengan persentase 40,9% atau sebanyak 738 KK yang dalam kriteria menengah keatas. Dengan menggunakan analisis data deskriptif kualitatif melalui proses reduksi data dan perhitungan, maka produksi awal (investasi awal) usahatani porang dengan luas lahan satu hektar dengan biaya Rp.87.660.000, rata-rata pendapatan pertahun yang diperoleh petani ialah Rp.260.340.000. Melihat potensi dan besarnya keuntungan dalam budidaya porang terhadap kesejahteraan masyarakat desa, untuk itu perlu adanya campur tangan Pemerintah Kabupaten Madiun guna melakukan pemilihan lokasi baru untuk budidaya porang. Serta perlu adanya peningkatan investasi pada komoditas tersebut karena mengingat masih sangat mungkin untuk ditingkatkan.Kata kunci: porang, klangon, kesejahteraan masyarakat, analisis usahataniAbstractPorang is the leading export commodity in Klangon Village, Saradan District, Madiun Regency. The porang plant has a high selling price and is the main commodity as a source of regional income, as well as the people's welfare. This study aims to describe the impact of porang commodity farming on community welfare as seen from the institutional and production costs, marketing and income and farmer income. The object of the research location was chosen based on the consideration that Klangon Village is the central producer of porang in Madiun Regency and at the same time is endemic to Indonesian porang given Madiun-1. The results of the study reveal that, in terms of the welfare level of the people in Klangon Village, the majority are at the medium level, with a percentage of 40, 9% or as many as 738 households in the upper middle criteria. By using qualitative descriptive data analysis through the process of data reduction and calculation, the initial production (initial investment) of porang farming with a land area of one hectare at a cost of Rp. 87,660,000, the average annual income earned by farmers is Rp. 260,340,000. Seeing the potential and the magnitude of the benefits in cultivating porang for the welfare of the village community, it is necessary for the Madiun Regency Government to intervene in selecting a new location for porang cultivation. And there needs to be an increase in investment in these commodities because it is still possible to increase it.Keywords: porang, klangon, community walfare, economic analysis of farming

The Decline Of The Middle Class In Jordan

Declining economic growth in Jordan, rising unemployment and the abolition of state support for certain segments of the population have led to a deterioration in the welfare of the middle class in Jordanian society. The importance of the middle class for the country is due to the fact that they act as a driving force in creating a market economy, as well as implement creative and intellectual work. The article considers the essential importance of the middle class and its role in building a democratic and legal state, as well as in ensuring a stable pace of economic development. The purpose of this article is to analyze the level of decline in the middle class in Jordanian society during 2010-2017. The following indicators were used to conduct this study: average annual income, double the national poverty line and the share of the population that receive an average of 60% of income. The source of statistical information was the data of the World Bank and the General Statistics Department of Jordan. The author of the article proposes to calculate a generalized indicator for the characteristics of the middle class in society – the average annual household income index. The study showed that during 2010-2017 there was a significant reduction in the size of the middle class in Jordan. The author suggests that such negative dynamics will persist in the coming years, especially given the decline in economic activity due to the coronavirus pandemic. It is proved that the inefficiency of state economic and social policy has led to an increase in the number of poor people, as well as rising unemployment in the country. According to the results of the study, it is proposed to adjust government programs to ensure the preservation of the middle class and enable it to realize its potential in stimulating economic growth, human capital development and supporting the development of civil society in Jordan.

Economics of Cinnamomum glaucescens (Nees.) Drury in Western Terai Region of Nepal: A Value Chain Perspective

This study was carried out in Chillikot village of Dang district to find out the economic contribution of Cinnamomum glaucescens to local economy and to document the major conservation threats for this species. Household survey (n=29), key informants interviews (n=5) and focus group discussions (n=3) were carried out to collect the data. This study reveals that about NPR 1.7 million (US$ 16,5002) have been contributed annually to local economy by 29 households from NTFPs including C. glaucescens berries collection business. Average annual income for each household was around US$ 569.19 from the species that contributes about 53% of the total annual household income. Value chain analysis showed that six different value chain actors were found involved in C. glaucescens business with maximum profit margin to wholesaler (US$ 1.66 kg-1) and minimum to village traders ( US$ 0.07 kg-1). Open access to the resource and poor functional linkage among the actors were identified as major limitations in the value chain of the products. Handing over the national forest as a community forest, linking the producers with processor through organized market channel has been recommended for future.

Study on Income for the Workforce of Public Health Institutions in Beijing Between 2011 and 2016

Background: This article analyses the average annual incomes of the workforce of municipal and district level public health institutions in Beijing between 2011 and 2016, and provides a useful reference for strengthening of public health services in China. Methods: This investigation combined quantitative analysis with qualitative investigation through a questionnaire survey and interviews with key informant. Results: Remuneration was relatively high for staff of the Municipal Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital and the staff of the Mental Health Institution, who had the highest annual average income among municipal specialized public health institutions between 2011 and 2016. The average annual incomes of the Municipal CDC, HSI, TCI, Municipal Emergency Medical Centre and Red Cross Blood Centre were all lower than the average annual income of the workers in the city's health industry (157,200 yuan). The average annual income of staff in the public health institutions at district level in Beijing is generally lower than that for staff in municipal institutions, especially those with high professional positions. Conclusions: The average income of public health workers in Beijing is generally lower than that of other health workers in the whole city. The result is a lack of professional attractiveness, which affects the stability and development of Beijing public health personnel.