A new understanding of the origin of electric current

Because charge, current, resistance, and voltage are understood based on the perspective of electricity, they can describe various electrical phenomena well, but they cannot explain their origins. Therefore, this article attempts to propose a new understanding of these phenomena from the perspective of mechanics to obtain a feasible way of explaining their origin and to solve problems that cannot be explained from the perspective of electricity. Specifically, this paper attempts to explain the origin of electric charge to obtain a new understanding of the origin of current and to obtain a new understanding of voltage and resistance by explaining the origin of current. Finally, from the perspective of mechanics, the origin of charge can be understood as a manifestation of electron momentum, the origin of current can be understood as a momentum flow, the origin of resistance can be understood as a momentum resistance, and the origin of voltage can be understood as a potential pressure (potential difference) of electron orbital potential. This new understanding of the origin of current from a mechanical perspective can provide a new theoretical explanation for high-temperature superconductivity.

A Systematic Approach for Semiconductor Half-Heusler

The key to designing a half-Heusler begins from the understanding of atomic interactions within the compound. However, this pool of knowledge in half-Heusler compounds is briefly segregated in many papers for specific explanations. The nature of the chemical bonding has been systematically explored for the large transition-metal branch of the half-Heusler family using density-of-states, charge-density, charge transfer, electron-localization-function, and crystal-orbital-Hamilton-population plots. This review aims to simplify the study of a conventional 18-electron configuration half-Heusler by applying rules proposed by renowned scientists to explain concepts such as Zintl-Klemm, hybridization, and valence electron content (VEC). Atomic and molecular orbital diagrams illustrate the electron orbital transitions and provide clarity to the semiconducting behavior (VEC = 18) of half-Heusler. Eighteen-electron half-Heusler usually exhibits good thermoelectric properties owing to favorable electronic structures such as narrow bandgap (<1.1 eV), thermal stability, and robust mechanical properties. The insights derived from this review can be used to design high-performance half-Heusler thermoelectrics.

Comparative Analysis of Molecular Properties and Reactions With Oxidants for Quercetin, Catechin and Naringenin

Flavonoids, a large group of secondary plant phenolic metabolites, are important natural antioxidants and regulators of cellular redox balance. The present study addressed the evaluation of the electronic properties of some flavonoids belonging to different classes: quercetin (flavonols), catechin (flavanols), and naringenin (flavanones) and their interactions with oxidants in the model systems of DPPH reduction, flavonoid autoxidation and chlorination. According to our ab initio calculations, the high net negative excess charges of the C rings and the small positive excess charges of the B rings of quercetin, catechin, and naringenin make these parts of flavonoid molecules attractive for electrophilic attack. The 3’-OH group of the B-ring of quercetin has the highest excess negative charge and the lowest energy of hydrogen atom abstraction for the flavonoids studied. The apparent reaction rates (M-1s-1, 20 ºC) and the activation energies (kJ/mol) of DPPH reduction are 4000±1000 and 23.0±2.5 in the case of quercetin, 1100±200 and 32.5±2.5 in the case of catechin, respectively. The stoichiometry of the DPPH – flavonoid reaction was 1:1. The activation energies (kJ/mol) of quercetin and catechin autoxidations were 50.8±6.1 and 58.1±7.2, respectively. Naringenin was not oxidized by the DPPH radical and air oxygen (autoxidation) and the flavonoids studied effectively prevented HOCl-induced hemolysis due to direct scavenging of hypochlorous acid (flavonoid chlorination). The best antioxidant quercetin has the highest value of HOMO energy, the planar structure and the optimal electron orbital delocalization on all phenolic rings due to C2=C3 double bond in the C ring (absent in catechin and naringenin).

Understanding Electromagnetics from the Perspective of Mechanics

This article attempts to provide a feasible understanding of electromagnetics from the perspective of mechanics. Among them, from the perspective of mechanics, charge can be understood as a form of electron momentum; electric current can be understood as a momentum flow; resistance can be understood as a momentum resistance of electrons; voltage can be interpreted as the potential pressure or energy level difference of the electron orbital potential; the electric field can be understood as a manifestation of the magnetic field of the current element. Finally, this article proposes a new understanding of some basic concepts of electromagnetics from the perspective of mechanics.

Precision Measurement of the Electron Orbital Gyromagnetic Factor: Relativistic Contributions from Zitterbewegung

The contribution, by zitterbewegung, to a probable correction to the electron orbital g-factor is calculated. For an electron in a magnetic field, the orbital g-factor g_L is not equal to 1 exactly, and the calculated anomaly, compared with the experimentally observed values, are in reasonable agreement, both in sign and order of magnitude. The contribution of zitterbewegung to the linewidth or broadening of a Landau level is calculated. An expression for the lifetime of a state is derived, showing that the electron is placed, due to zitterbewegung, in a state with a finite lifetime, with the probable emission/absorption of massless particles. The expected anomaly in the electron orbital g-factor may be measured using high-precision spectroscopic techniques.

An analogy to understand the conceptual foundations of electromagnetics at the micro level from the perspective of mechanics

This article attempts to provide a new analogy understanding of some conceptual foundations of electromagnetics from the perspective of mechanics to satisfy childhood curiosity. Among them, from the perspective of mechanics, charge can be understood as a form of electron momentum; electric current can be understood as a momentum flow; resistance can be understood as a momentum resistance of electrons; voltage can be interpreted as the potential pressure or energy level difference of the electron orbital potential; the electric field can be understood as a manifestation of the magnetic field of the current element.