In the 50s of the last century, M.I. Danysh and J. Pniewski discovered the existence of hypernuclei. In them under the action of cosmic rays, one of nucleons was turned into an excited state. In this paper, it is shown that masses and magnetic moments of such excitations coincide with properties of some elementary particles. Based on this consent, a number of elementary particles should be considered as excited states of different combinations of electrons, positrons, and protons, rather than as composed from quarks with a fractional charge.
We used photoluminescence spectra of single electron quasi-two-dimensional InP/GaInP2 islands having Wigner-Seitz radius ~4 to measure the magnetic-field dispersion of the lowest s, p, and d single-particle states in the range 0–10 T. The measured dispersion revealed up to a nine-fold reduction of the cyclotron frequency, indicating the formation of nano-superconducting anyon or magneto-electron (em) states, in which the corresponding number of magnetic-flux-quanta vortexes and fractional charge were self-generated. We observed a linear increase in the number of vortexes versus the island size, which corresponded to a critical vortex radius equal to the Bohr radius and closed-packed topological vortex arrangements. Our observation explains the microscopic mechanism of vortex attachment in composite fermion theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect, allows its description in terms of self-localization of ems and represents progress towards the goal of engineering anyon properties for fault-tolerant topological quantum gates.
The origin of fractional charge of a quark is investigated considering the fractal structure of a hadron. Hadron is suggested to be a fractal object with fractal dimension 9/2. Describing quark as a quasiparticle in an analogy with quasi particle in Fractional Quantum Hall Effect, the filling factors are extracted which show large fractional plateau. It is suggested that quarks behave like quasi particles and the fractional charges of quarks can be attributed to the fractal behavior of a hadron.
AbstractAlthough a prototypical Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) soliton exhibits various important topological concepts including particle-antiparticle (PA) symmetry and fractional fermion charges, there have been only few advances in exploring such properties of topological solitons beyond the SSH model. Here, by considering a chirally extended double-Peierls-chain model, we demonstrate novel PA duality and fractional charge e/2 of topological chiral solitons even under the chiral symmetry breaking. This provides a counterexample to the belief that chiral symmetry is necessary for such PA relation and fractionalization of topological solitons in a time-reversal invariant topological system. Furthermore, we discover that topological chiral solitons are re-fractionalized into two subsolitons which also satisfy the PA duality. As a result, such dualities and fractionalizations support the topological $$\mathbb {Z}_4$$
Z
4
algebraic structures. Our findings will inspire researches seeking feasible and promising topological systems, which may lead to new practical applications such as solitronics.
Phase interference for probing topological fractional charge in a BiSbTeSe2-based Josephson Junction Array
