Kryptowaluty jako element systemu pieniężnego

The purpose of the chapter is to characterize the phenomenon of cryptocurrencies in a broader macroeconomic context, namely as a potential monetary unit and an element of future rebuilt monetary systems. The chapter first presents the definitions and ways of understanding cryptocurrencies. Then, using a simple instrument, the SWOT matrix, the strengths and weaknesses of cryptocurrencies are presented, as well as the opportunities and threats that can be identified in relation to the performance individual functions of money by these units and being an element of monetary systems. The next part of the chapter overviews the most important areas of research on cryptocurrencies in their systemic, macroeconomic approach and applications. Then, general conclusions are drawn and the prospects for the development of cryptocurrencies in their monetary function are indicated.

The analysis of the 2019 annular solar eclipse with simple instruments for developing student worksheet

The annular solar eclipse occurred when the Earth-Moon-Sun position aligned in the same line where the angular diameter of the moon is smaller than the angular diameter of the sun due to the moon is on the farthest distance with respect to the earth. The event was observed on 26 December 2019 at Siak Regency, Province of Riau, Indonesia. Based on that event observation, the sun is gradually covered by the moon until the peak event where the sun is completely covered and showing “ring of fire”. All stages of eclipse are captured as images from DSLR camera that been attached into telescope with specific filter as well as illumination determination from observation location using lux meter during the event. This study explained how to get the information from solar eclipse images available by using image-processing software namely ImageJ so it can be used as a student worksheet. The plotting of both pixel area-time graph and illumination-time graph of this study shows a similar trend. Therefore, the data acquired in this study is obtained well so it can be used as a student worksheet in the Astronomical Position lecture based on the actual phenomenon with a simple instrument for observation.

Pengembangan media pembelajaran berbantuan komputer materi pesawat sederhana untuk meningkatkan pemahaman konsep siswa SMP

Media studying is a tool that can help the studying process and can be a function to make the message that is delivered clearer. Media studying can be used as a tool to help students in understanding a concept. The aim of this research is improving the media studying using computer about simple instrument material for junior high school students that is validated and suitable to use. The design of improving this media studying uses improving step modification Thiagarajan. The data in the research of improving are qualitative and quantitative data. Validation media result 81.5 percent shows a very suitable result, and understanding concept result 88.7 percent Media pembelajaran merupakan alat yang dapat membantu proses belajar mengajar dan berfungsi untuk memperjelas makna pesan yang disampaikan. Media pembelajaran juga dapat berfungsi sebagai alat untuk membantu siswa dalam memahami suatu konsep. Tujuan penelitian pengembangan ini adalah mengembangkan media pembelajaran berbantuan komputer materi pesawat sederhana untuk siswa SMP yang tervalidasi dan layak digunakan. Desain pengembangan media pembelajaran ini menggunakan modifikasi langkah pengembangan Thiagarajan. Data dalam penelitian pengembangan adalah data kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil validasi media sebesar 81,5 persen menunjukkan kriteria sangat layak, dan hasil uji pemahaman konsep sebesar 88,7 persen

Creating a market for price swaps: Case study of an innovative risk management instrument in the Belgian-Dutch pear market

While the benefits of using futures to manage price risk are widely recognised, only certain groups of farmers have suitable futures at their disposal. This paper discusses an innovative instrument, developed in the Belgian-Dutch pear market, that provides an alternative to futures markets by creating a market for price swaps. Thus, the instrument provides some benefits of market-traded derivatives (like futures) while remaining a relatively simple instrument, which requires fewer market transactions. The paper describes key properties of the swap contracts and the platform used to trade them. In addition, it compares the conditions required for establishing price swap markets and futures markets. Thus, our study informs the design of similar risk management instruments for commodities and contexts where futures are absent.

Microsurgical Anastomosis Rating Scale (MARS10): A Final Product Scoring System for Initial Microsurgical Training

Background: High cost and ethical controversy of using living models in microsurgical training made non-living models more popular. However, non-living models don’t provide appropriate feedback of microsurgical performance. Currently existing Global Rating Scales used for advanced microsurgical skills validation are difficult to apply on non-living model. This study presents a simple instrument for basic assessment of microsurgical anastomosis on non-living model. Methods: Seventy medical students were divided into 2 groups depending on their prior microsurgical experience. Each participant performed 3 end-to-end anastomoses on chicken femoral artery model. Anastomoses were reviewed by 3 blinded experts and then photographed. Evaluation included a patency tests, longitudinal cut of anastomosis, and the newly proposed tool 10 Point Microsurgical Anastomosis Rating Scale (MARS10). Presented scale consists of 5 factors important for anastomosis closure (anastomosis closure, suture spacing, bites size, knot tying, and cut ends length), graded on 3 point scale (0-2 points). Results were analyzed with analysis of variance, Spearman correlation, and t Student test. Results: Anastomoses evaluated by experts as patent significantly correlated with a high summary score in MARS10 scale (r = 0.73 P < .0001). There was a significant difference in MARS10 score between groups (P < .0001). There were no significant inter-rater differences in scoring among all 3 evaluators (p > .05). Conclusions: 10 Point Microsurgical Anastomosis Rating Scale is a quick, valid, and reliable tool to assess microsurgical end-to-end arterial anastomoses on non-living model.