Changes in the innervation apparatus of the renal pelvis and ureter in cancer

VF Lashkov, examining the nerve fibers and their endings in the epiglottis of those who died from pulmonary tuberculosis, pneumonia, stomach cancer and lung cancer, found clearly pronounced lesions of the nerve elements. L.G. Svatko, with cancer, found changes in the innervation apparatus of the muscles of the human larynx.

Phonosurgery Training in Human Larynx Preserved with Thiel’s Embalming Method

<b><i>Background:</i></b> To describe the suitability of larynges preserved with Thiel’s embalming method for phonosurgery training. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A training model for phonosurgery techniques simulating vocal pathology and glottal insufficiency is developed to compare and evaluate the perception of embalmed vocal cords through a voluntary and anonymous survey rated on a scale of 1–5. A total of 10 residents and young otolaryngologists participated in the surgical training in phonosurgery. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Ten larynges preserved in formalin and 10 Thiel’s embalmed larynges were used for the investigation. Phonosurgery procedures were performed following microflap and injection laryngoplasty techniques. The larynges preserved with Thiel’s method demonstrated vocal cords that maintain their pliability and good tissue quality allowing a sensation of realism compared to the living body and providing suitable conditions for realistic laryngeal training. Participants held a positive experience, believed them to be useful and that these models of embalmed larynges were similar to the clinical setting and improved skills and confidence in performing phonosurgery. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The human larynges embalmed with Thiel’s method maintain the pliability of the vocal cords, thus representing a unique model to practice and reproduce training for endolaryngeal procedures without the risks of contamination, anatomical variation, or rigidity of other models.

“ROLE OF ULTRASOUND IN VOCAL CORD PALSY”

Phonation is beyond doubt one of the highest functions of the human larynx. The vocal cords, also known as vocal cords, as the name suggests are infolding of mucosa aligned horizontally. The phonatory process, or voicing, occurs when air is expelled from the lungs through the glottis, creating a pressure drop across the larynx. When this drop becomes sufciently large, the vocal cords start to oscillate. The motion of the vocal cords during oscillation is mostly lateral, though there is also some superior component as well. However, there is almost no motion along the length of the vocal cords. The oscillation of the vocal cords serves to modulate the pressure and ow of the air through the larynx, and this modulated airow is the main component of the sound. The sound that the larynx produces is a harmonic series. In other words, it consists of a fundamental tone (called the fundamental frequency, the main acoustic cue for the percept pitch) accompanied by harmonic overtones, which are multiples of the (1) fundamental frequency .

Evaluation of a curved surgical prototype in a human larynx

Purpose It is not always possible to create linear access to the larynx using a rigid operating laryngoscope for microlaryngoscopy. In this study, we evaluate the usability of a novel curved surgical prototype with flexible instruments for the larynx (sMAC) in a simulation dummy and human body donor. Methods In a user study (n = 6), head and neck surgeons as well as medical students tested the system for visualization quality and accessibility of laryngeal landmarks on an intubation dummy and human cadaver. A biopsy of the epiglottis was taken from the body donor. Photographic and time documentation was carried out. Results The sMAC system demonstrated general feasibility for laryngeal surgery. Unlike conventional microlaryngoscopy, all landmarks could be visualized and manipulated in both setups. Biopsy removal was possible. Visibility of the surgical field remained largely unobstructed even with an endotracheal tube in place. Overall handling of the sMAC prototype was satisfactorily feasible at all times. Conclusion The sMAC system could offer an alternative for patients, where microlaryngoscopy is not applicable. A clinical trial has to clarify if the system benefits in clinical routine.

The human larynx physiological and pathophysiological aspects

<p class="abstract">In this era of minimally invasive surgical intervention s, the knowledge of the physiology and pathophysiology of the larynx is vital to the laryngologist. The conventional procedure of laryngeal surgery has been superseded by functional micro-laryngeal surgery whereby now the emphasis is not on removing the pathology but reverting the function of the larynx. The surgical intervention is at the superficial mucosal level only. The physiology and patho-physiology of the larynx needs introspection. </p>