Role of Folate and Folic Acid During Pregnancy

Pregnancy represents a period of fast tissue growth of maternal and foetal tissues that's related to enhanced energy and nutrient needs. Maternal nutrition throughout gestation period, has being essential for best offspring development, reducing long unwellness burden and for general health throughout life. Maternal Folate throughout pregnancy might have numerous roles in offspring health, as well as neurodevelopment and psychological feature performance in childhood. Folate is crucial for C1 metabolism, a network of pathways concerned in many biological processes as well as nucleotide synthesis, deoxyribonucleic acid repair and methylation reactions. The periconceptional use of pteroylglutamic acid (Folic Acid ) containing supplements reduces the primary incidence, as well as recurrence of neural tube defects. Folic Acid (FA) are artificial form of a necessary vitamin generically considered Folates or B9. It is concerned in one-carbon metabolism, and it's been connected to lowering neural tube Defect (NTD). National programs to mandate fortification of food with Folic Acid have reduced the prevalence of NTDs worldwide . The indisputable protecting role of Folic Acid in the hindrance of NTD, in addition to the low compliance of women to Folic Acid recommendations, has aroused the choice of mandatory Folic Acid fortification, a policy currently in place in over eighty countries worldwide. Mandatory food fortification needs food makers to feature Folic Acid to certain foods (e.g. starch or grain products), whereas voluntary fortification permits Folic Acid to be added to foods at the discretion of manufacturers. Food fortification with Folic Acid because the intervention is likely to achieve increasing Folic Acid intake among populations throughout the world. The objective of this article is to discuss the Role of Folic Acid and Folate during pregnancy and to review the role of Folate and Folic Acid , metabolism , absorption and Folic Acid effects on maternal on the basis of recent findings that are important for implementation of fortified food to design future studies. Keywords: Neurodevelopment, Methylation Reactions, Pteroylglutamic Acid, Bioavailability, Monoglutamates.

Role of Folic Acid in Type 2 Diabetes

The metabolic condition known as diabetes mellitus is marked by hyperglycemia, a host of symptoms affecting the heart, kidneys, nerves, and other organs. Diabetes nephropathy is one of the leading causes of diabetic impermanence and morbid state. Low parameters of pteroylglutamic acid in the blood are associated with Diabetic Nephropathy, whereas endothelial dysfunction increases the risk for T2D. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with diabetes, which perhaps is caused by the disjunction of the endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase enzyme, which reduces NO availability. Because folic acid can repair the disjunction of NO synthase, we sought to see if pteroylglutamic acid supplementation may affect the function of the endothelial layer and inflammatory indicators in type 2 diabetes patients who did not have vascular disease. Recent studies have shown that pteroylglutamic acid also has direct benefits on the function of endo, in addition to its natural function of lowering homocysteine. Folic acid might serve as a "biomarker" for the function of endothelial cells. Many mechanisms have been linked to higher total homocysteine levels and type 2 diabetes risk in diabetic patients. Higher folic acid levels altered endothelial-dependent vasodilation in T2D patients. In patients with coronary heart disease (CAD), folic acid supplementation has been found to reduce homocysteine parameters and improve the function of the endothelial layer. On the other hand, RCTs looking at IR and T2D outcomes have shown mixed results. Several mechanisms link higher total homocysteine levels to increased risk of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Treatment with folate has been shown to bring down homocysteine parameters and improve the endothelium functions in people with coronary heart disease (CAD). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on IR and T2D outcomes, on the other hand, have produced a wide range of results.

F

This chapter presents information on neonatal drugs that begin with F, including use, pharmacology, adverse effects, fetal and infant implications of maternal treatment, treatment, and supply of Fentanyl, Fibrin sealants and cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives, Flecainide, Flucloxacillin (also cloxacillin and dicloxacillin), Fluconazole, Flucytosine, Fludrocortisone, Folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid), Formula milks for babies with intolerance/allergy, Formula milks for preterm babies, Fosfomycin, Fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate, and Furosemide = Frusemide (former BAN)

Folates: Key Nutrients to Remember

Folic acid or vitamin B9 or pteroylglutamic acid, is a relatively simple molecule with two characteristics; firstly, it must be reduced by 2 or 4 hydrogen atoms to be metabolically active which makes it sensitive to oxidation and must be protected by ascorbic acid, secondly it may include in addition to the constituent residues of the molecule, 1-7 glutamate residue at one of its ends. These polyglutamate forms that make up the largest share of food folate, must be deconjugated by a specific enzyme present in the intestinal lumen before being absorbed in the jejunum. It is in the methylated form after passing through the enterocyte it is transported in the blood, excreted in bile and reabsorbed. It must be demethylated to integrate folic cell cycle and methyl transfer, that allows the synthesis of methionine (only possible in the presence of vitamin B12), purine, serine and especially thymidylic acid, constitutive DNA. As a methyl donor that plays a fundamental role in cerebral and nervous metabolism. Folates are involved in cell division thus; any folic acid deficiency causes a slowdown in rapid multiplication systems which may lead to red blood cell disorders (macrocytic anemia), immunity, and neural tube defects, in addition to physiological disorders (cardiovascular, cancer ...). Folic acid supplementation appears to allow the correction of these disorders.