A Concise Review of Dendrocalamus asper and Related Bamboos: Germplasm Conservation, Propagation and Molecular Biology

Bamboos represent an emerging forest resource of economic significance and provide an avenue for sustainable development of forest resources. The development of the commercial bamboo industry is founded upon efficient molecular and technical approaches for the selection and rapid multiplication of elite germplasm for its subsequent propagation via commercial agro-forestry business enterprises. This review will delve into the micropropagation of Dendrocalamus asper, one of the most widely cultivated commercial varieties of bamboo, and will encompass the selection of germplasm, establishment of explants in vitro and micropropagation techniques. The currently available information pertaining to molecular biology, DNA barcoding and breeding, has been included, and potential areas for future research in the area of genetic engineering and gene regulation have been highlighted. This information will be of relevance to both commercial breeders and molecular biologists who have an interest in establishing bamboo as a crop of the future.

A study on the primary materials for in vitro propagation of Petunia hybrida L.

The aim of this study was to identify the primary materials for in vitro propagation of the Petunia hybrida L. The sterilisation method and the medium in different stages: shoot regeneration, rapid shoot multiplication, and the part of the in vitro plant used for rapid multiplication were identified. The study results showed that using nodal segments with axillary buds as the primary material and sterilising by HgCl2 0.1% in 10 minutes gave the best disinfection effect (survival rate reached 60%). Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg of BAP/l + 6.5 g agar/l + 30 g sacarose/l was reported as the best one for shoot regeneration (100% of shoot formed and number shoot per sample was 2.73), meanwhile, the mixture of MS + 1 mgBA/l + 0.2 mg IBA/l + 6.5 g agar/l + 30 g sacarose/l was considered as the best medium for rapid shoot multiplication (average shoots/sample reached 19.53). In vitro,leaf tissue is the most suitable vegetative organ for rapid multiplication, 100% of in vitro shoots regenerate through the form of callus, and the ratio of shoots/sample reached 21.53.

Adaptation of the rapid multiplication method: selecting stem cuttings based on their number of leaves for cassava seedling production

A study was conducted during four growing seasons to investigate the rooting capacity and survival percentage of cassava seedlings from stem cuttings selected based on their number of leaves. The experimental design was a randomized block design with five replications in a factorial scheme (4 × 2 × 2), totalling 16 treatments. Treatments consisted of combinations of growing season (September 22, October 7 and 19, and November 25), stem cuttings smaller (15 to 19.99 mm) and larger (20 to 25 mm) than 20 mm in diameter, and number of leaves on the stem cuttings (3 to 5 and 6 to 8 leaves). The experiment was carried out during the four growing seasons in a Van der Hoeven greenhouse. The greenhouse, as well as the benches on which the treatments were placed, had a north-south orientation. The greenhouse has an automatic mist irrigation system, and the mean temperature was 25 °C. The plant height at planting, number of leaves at planting, and number of leaves at 7 days after planting were measured. The final number of leaves, final plant height, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, and total dry matter were measured after acclimatization. Stem cuttings between 20 and 25 mm in diameter should be used to produce cassava seedlings with the rapid multiplication method. Cuttings with 6 to 8 visible leaves should be collected, and the cuttings should be planted at the end of September.

Plantlet regeneration via nucellar embryogenesis in Citrus jambhiri

To produce true-to-type and rapid multiplication micropropagation technique was utilized to the nucellar tissue with ovular halves of C. jambhiri. Nucellar tissues were cultured in a modified MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2ip viz. 0.25,0.50 mg l-1 alone and in combination of 0.50 mg l-1 NAA. Initiation of cell division and differentiation of proembryogenic tissue became apparent in first 80 days.These proembryos developed into embryos through subculturing in fresh medium. Low concentration of 0.25 2ip was found more suitable for the development of embryo producing large number of fully developed embryo in comparision to the embryo produced in the high concentration of 2ip (0.50 mg l-1) and in combination of 0.25 2ip and 0.50 mg l-1 NAA. Normally developed embryos in 0.25 2ip showed best germination in the fresh medium supplemented with 0.25 mg l-1 IAA, 100 ME mg l-1 and 5mg mg l-1 amino acids within 30 days as compared to other treatments. These germinated embryos were utilized for producing disease free saplings after hardening and nurturing in laboratory conditions. The disease free saplings thus produced can be used to establish new Citrus orchards within short time.

Application of Rapid Multiplication Technique Using Mini Cutting and NPK Compound Fertilizer to Increase Production of Sweet Potato Cuttings (Ipomoea batatas L.)

Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT) is a technique used to produce large scale cuttings of sweet potato in a short period by using mini cuttings and proper fertilizer management. The research was carried out from October 2019 to March 2020 and composed of two experiments The first experiment involved a randomized complete block design, with clones (“Ase Kapas” and “Ase Merah”) as the first factor, and tuber weight (150 ± 25 g, 250 ± 25 g, and 350 ± 25 g) as the second factor. The second experiment was arranged in a split-plot design involving different doses of NPK compound fertilizer (as main plot) and different source of cuttings (as subplots). The different doses included NPK 16:16:16 at 100 kg.ha-1 (0.3 g per polybag), 200 kg.ha-1 (0.6 g per polybag), 300 kg.ha-1 (0.9 g per polybag), and without fertilizer as control. The source of cuttings were from the tip, middle and bottom stem of the plants. Results showed that the “Ase Kapas” showed the highest number and the longest shoots, number of nodes, and length of vines. Additionally, tuber weight of ± 350 g produced the highest number of shoots. When it comes to NPK compound fertilizer treatment, a dose of 0.9 g per polybag increased cutting production in “Ase Kapas”, and also responded better to fertilizer treatment. On the other hand, dose of 0.3 g increased cutting production in “Ase Merah”. “Ase Kapas” produced more cuttings from the middle stem, whereas “Ase Merah” produced more cuttings from the . The application of RMT in “Ase Kapas” produced cuttings with ratio of 1:31, which is higher than those in “Ase Merah” with a ratio of 1:17.

Design and Simulation of Pipelined Floating-Point Multiplier using Logisim

Floating point multiplication is a cycle intensive operation used in signal and image processing. The operation time of multiplication could be increased by pipelining this process. In this paper, we design and simulate a pipelined floating-point multiplier using the Logisim simulation tool. The numbers are stored in the IEEE 754 single-precision format. This circuit can be implemented into newer microprocessors to be used as a fast multiplier. An array of these multipliers can be used in matrix multiplications in artificial neural networks and other applications where rapid multiplication is required. The Logisim simulation tool is used as it is easy to use and has a simple interface with powerful abstraction features. It is used in major universities to teach and simulate computer architecture.