Inequitable impact of infection: social gradients in severe COVID-19 outcomes among all confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases during the first pandemic wave in Sweden

BackgroundThe backdrop of the ubiquitous social inequalities has increasingly come into foreground in research on the COVID-19 pandemic, but the lack of high-quality population-based studies limits our understanding of the inequitable outcomes of the disease. The present study seeks to estimate social gradients in COVID-19 hospitalisations, intensive care admissions and death by education, income and country of birth, while taking into account disparities in comorbidities.MethodsWe used a register-based retrospective open cohort design enrolling all 74 659 confirmed SARS-CoV-2-positive cases aged >25 years in Sweden during the first wave of the pandemic (until 14 September 2020). Information was retrieved from multiple registers and linked by the unique Swedish personal identity number concerning COVID-19 case identification; COVID-19 hospitalisations, intensive care admissions and death; comorbidities as measured by the Charlson Comorbidity Index; and sociodemographic information. Social gradients were estimated by the Relative Index of Inequality (RII) using Cox regression.ResultsAdjusted analyses showed significant social gradients in COVID-19 hospitalisation, intensive care admission, across education, income and country of birth, which were unaffected by adjustment for comorbidities. Education and country of birth gradients were stronger for hospitalisation and intensive care admissions but small to non-existent for death. In contrast, income gradients were consistent across all three COVID-19 outcomes.ConclusionSocial gradients in severe COVID-19 outcomes are widespread in Sweden, but appear to be unrelated to pre-existing health disparities. Inequitable outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection may therefore be at least partially avoidable and could rely on equitable management of confirmed COVID-19 cases.

APLIKASI ALGORITMA DES (DATA ENCRYPTION STANDARD) UNTUK PENGAMAN DATA

Cryptography is a field of knowledge which uses a mathematical equation to perform the encryption and decryption process. This technique is used to convert the data into a specific code, with the aim that the stored information can not be read by anyone except those who are eligible. In this final project will be presented the design of cryptographic applications with cryptographic algorithm Data Encryption Standard. This cryptographic applications implementing encryption and decryption method using the DES algorithm.This research will presenting application design of crioptographic and its algorithm data of DES. This application will implementing the way of encryption and decription using DES. DES algorithm is adopted as standard algorithm. Since that, DES has been used in desimination information widely to protect data savely. In every day live, DES is using in many applications like to encrypt PIN (Personal Identity Number) in ATM and Banking transactions via internet. Even government organitations in US like Departmen of Energy, Justice Department, and Federal Reserve System are using DES to protect their data desiminations. The principt of DES working is devides information in special blocks, so that DES is known as cipherblock. The messages will be randomly using standard matrix in DES alhgorithm. The first proces will generate DES key algorithm. Cipherblock with 64 bits block size. Because in this application we have designed internal key altogether in enription process. The next we will to do enription process. The steps in doine encryption will begin with choosing file .txt. This file contents will be changed as binery numbers using ASCII as reference. The changing file as binary will be devided into 64 bits. Its means automatically that in DES algorithm using 8-characters or 64-bits. Next step, the deviding text will be permutated using first permutation matrix, the goal is to randomice plaintext. The randomice text will devivided into 2 blocks which 32-bits in length. Each block will use L0 dan R0 as symbol. The next process will do 16-cycling process. After 16-cycling process, both blocks will put in unity. After that, we will final permutation with using permutation matrix iP-1

Selected Demographic Aspects of Buyers’ Activity on the Local Housing Market

Demographic factors next to economic, political and legal ones, are important elements determining the development of the housing market. The analysis of the age structure of the population and of the dynamics of change shows that the population of baby boomers in the age group that is actively entering the labor market and becoming independent is a stimulant for the development of the housing market. Individuals who are gaining economic independence generate new needs and, with appropriate financial resources, also future demand for their own accommodation. Deliberations regarding the housing market benefit noticeably from the analysis of home buyers’ age structure, especially in the context of the family life cycle. This issue became the focus of our study, which aims to determine the age of apartment buyers on the local market during an economic downturn and state interventionism in the form of preferential mortgages. The analysis makes use of information from notarial acts (including the personal identity number PESEL - the year of birth of the purchaser) and statistical tools. The results of the study may support the decisions and direction of state aid aimed at meeting housing needs.