spatial sorting
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2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Sieger ◽  
T. Hovestadt

Abstract Background Dispersal is an important event for most organisms at least once in their life cycle. The evolution of dispersal can be influenced by local adaptation, landscape structure, and perceived temporal and spatial variation. The interaction between local adaptation, landscape heterogeneity, temporal variability and rules of dispersal may be more complex than previously assumed. Therefore, we sought to understand the influence of emigration rules and landscape structure on emerging dispersal rates and traits. Here, we implemented an individual-based model (IBM) of trait evolution in scenarios characterized by different landscape structures and different degrees of spatial heterogeneity and global temporal variation. Individuals could evolve two traits coding for their environmental niche (position of niche optimum and niche width), and two traits determining nearest-neighbor dispersal: an individual emigrates with a probability defined by the first trait (random emigration), but emigrates with certainty if the fertility expected in the patch of residence falls below a threshold specified by the second trait (habitat-dependent emigration). Results We note an interaction effect between dispersal strategy and spatial variance—lower emigration under habitat-dependent than under random emigration if spatial heterogeneity is low, but eventually a reversal of this ranking if heterogeneity becomes large. Landscapes with sharp transition of habitat attributes result in a high degree of spatial sorting, while fractal landscapes do not. Emigration rates are overall lowest, when spatial variation is highest. Conclusions We conclude that emergent emigration rates are influenced more by landscape structure and spatio-temporal heterogeneity than by the emigration strategy. With the ongoing land use change more research into this topic could help highlight the difficulties species might face under the change from landscapes characterized by gradual transition zones to landscapes dominated by abrupt ecotones, the latter typical for agricultural and urban settings.


Author(s):  
Kyri Janssen ◽  
Peter Mulder ◽  
Muhammad Halley Yudhistira
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Aulus-Giacosa ◽  
F. Guéraud ◽  
P. Gaudin ◽  
M. Buoro ◽  
J. C. Aymes ◽  
...  

Change in body size can be driven by social (density) and non-social (environmental and spatial variation) factors. In expanding metapopulations, spatial sorting by means of dispersal on the expansion front can further drive the evolution of body size. However, human intervention can dramatically affect these founder effects. Using long-term monitoring of the colonization of the remote Kerguelen islands by brown trout, a facultative anadromous salmonid, we analyse body size variation in 32 naturally founded and 10 human-introduced populations over 57 years. In naturally founded populations, we find that spatial sorting promotes slow positive changes in body size on the expansion front, then that body size decreases as populations get older and local density increases. This pattern is, however, completely different in human-introduced populations, where body size remains constant or even increases as populations get older. The present findings confirm that changes in body size can be affected by metapopulation expansion, but that human influence, even in very remote environments, can fully alter this process.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikunj Goel

Heritable variation in traits that enhance dispersal rates can accumulate at population margins by spatial sorting. This mechanism of selection differs from natural selection as evolutionary change can ensue even in the absence of differential lifetime reproductive success. Although evidence suggests that populations are rapidly evolving at margins due to global change pressures, such as invasions and range shifts, we lack a mathematical theory of spatial sorting to understand these evolutionary patterns. To this end, we present an algebraic theorem, or the sorting theorem, to elucidate the nature of selection at margins, which can, in turn, facilitate axiomatic development of spatial sorting theory. The role of the sorting theorem in guiding research in this context is analogous to that of Price's theorem in natural selection theory.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Fretz ◽  
Raphaël Parchet ◽  
Frédéric Robert-Nicoud

Abstract We design a parsimonious spatial equilibrium model featuring workers embodied with heterogeneous skills and non-homothetic preferences. In equilibrium, locations with improved commuting access become relatively more attractive to high-income earners. We empirically analyse the effects of the construction of the Swiss highway network between 1960 and 2010 on the population size and composition of municipalities. We find that the advent of a new highway access led to a long-term 24% increase in the share of top-income taxpayers and a 8% decrease in the share of low-income taxpayers, impacting segregation by income. Highways also contributed to job and residential urban sprawl.


Author(s):  
Fulvio Licata ◽  
Franco Andreone ◽  
Angelica Crottini ◽  
Rodino Fetraharijaona Harison ◽  
Gentile Francesco Ficetola
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
Eliza Clark ◽  
Ellyn Bitume ◽  
Dan Bean ◽  
Amanda Stahlke ◽  
Paul Hohenlohe ◽  
...  

Evolutionary theory predicts that the process of range expansion will lead to differences between core and edge population in life history and dispersal traits. Selection and genetic drift can influence reproductive ability while spatial sorting by dispersal ability can increase dispersal at the edge. However, the context of individuals (e.g., population density and mating status) also impacts dispersal behavior. We evaluated theoretical predictions for evolution of reproductive life history and dispersal traits using the range expansion of a biological control agent, Diorhabda carinulata, or northern tamarisk beetle. We found divergence of fecundity, age at first reproduction, and female body size between core and edge populations. We also show that density and mating status influence dispersal and that dispersal increases at the edge of the range. We demonstrate that theory of evolution during range expansions applies to the range expansion of a biocontrol agent, especially when the ecological context is considered.


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