Thermal Conductivity of Complex Hydrocarbon Systems at Pressures Up To 1000 MPa

The thermal conductivity of five samples of crude oil and one sample of gas condensate was measured by the transient hot-wire technique. The measurements were made along isotherms (245, 250, 273, 295, 320, 336, and 373 K) in the pressure range from atmospheric pressure up to 1000 MPa and along isobars (at 0.1, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 1000 MPa) in the temperature range 245–450 K. It was observed that the thermal conductivity of the samples investigated strongly depends on the pressure and rises with increasing pressure for all the temperatures. At a certain pressure, the temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity reverses from negative to positive. The pressure at which this reversal was observed varied in the range of 300–380 MPa.

Performance of thermal conductivity probes for planetary applications

This work aims to contribute to the development of in situ instruments feasible for space application. Commercial as well as custom-made thermal sensors, based on the transient hot wire technique and suitable for direct measurement of the effective thermal conductivity of granular media, were tested for application under airless conditions. In order to check the ability of custom-made sensors to measure the thermal conductivity of planetary surface layers, detailed numerical simulations predicting the response of the different sensors have been performed. These simulations reveal that for investigations under high vacuum conditions (as they prevail, e.g. on the lunar surface), the derived thermal conductivity values can significantly depend on sensor geometry, axial heat flow, and the thermal contact between probe and surrounding material. Therefore, a careful calibration of each particular sensor is necessary in order to obtain reliable thermal conductivity measurements. The custom-made sensors presented in this work can serve as prototypes for payload to be flown on future planetary lander missions, in particular for airless bodies like the Moon, asteroids and comets, but also for Mars.

Performance of thermal conductivity probes for planetary applications

This work aims to contribute to the development of in situ instruments feasible for space application. Commercial as well as custom made thermal sensors, based on the transient hot wire technique and suitable for direct measurement of the effective thermal conductivity of granular media, were tested for application under airless conditions. The investigated media range from compact specimen of well known thermal conductivity used for calibration of the sensors to various granular planetary analogue materials of different shape and grain size. Measurements were performed under gas pressures ranging from 103 hPa down to about 10−5 hPa. It was found that for the inspected granular materials the given pressure decrease results in a decrease of the thermal conductivity by about two orders of magnitude. In order to check the ability of custom-made sensors to measure the thermal conductivity of planetary surface layers, detailed numerical simulations predicting the response of the different sensors have also been performed. Both, measurements and simulations, revealed that for investigations under high vacuum conditions (as they prevail e.g. on the lunar surface) the derived thermal conductivity values can significantly depend on the sensor geometry, the axial heat flow and the thermal contact between probe and surrounding material. Therefore in these cases a careful calibration of each particular sensor is necessary in order to obtain reliable thermal conductivity measurements. The custom-made sensors presented in this work can serve as prototypes for payload to be flown on future planetary lander missions, in particular for airless bodies like the Moon, asteroids and comets, but also for Mars.