Counterparts, Essences and Quantified Modal Logic

It is commonplace to formalize propositions involving essential properties of objects in a language containing modal operators and quantifiers. Assuming David Lewis’s counterpart theory as a semantic framework for quantified modal logic, I will show that certain statements discussed in the metaphysics of modality de re, such as the sufficiency condition for essential properties, cannot be faithfully formalized. A natural modification of Lewis’s translation scheme seems to be an obvious solution but is not acceptable for various reasons. Consequently, the only safe way to express some intuitions regarding essential properties is to use directly the language of counterpart theory without modal operators.

Charge completeness and the massless charge lattice in F-theory models of supergravity

We prove that, for every 6D supergravity theory that has an F-theory description, the property of charge completeness for the connected component of the gauge group (meaning that all charges in the corresponding charge lattice are realized by massive or massless states in the theory) is equivalent to a standard assumption made in F-theory for how geometry encodes the global gauge theory by means of the Mordell-Weil group of the elliptic fibration. This result also holds in 4D F-theory constructions for the parts of the gauge group that come from sections and from 7-branes. We find that in many 6D F-theory models the full charge lattice of the theory is generated by massless charged states; this occurs for each gauge factor where the associated anomaly coefficient satisfies a simple positivity condition. We describe many of the cases where this massless charge sufficiency condition holds, as well as exceptions where the positivity condition fails, and analyze the related global structure of the gauge group and associated Mordell-Weil torsion in explicit F-theory models.

Pengembangan Kapas Rakyat di Sulawesi Selatan

Program akselerasi pengembangan kapas sebagai upaya percepatan peningkatan luas areal dan produksi kapas dilakukan dalam rangka meningkatkan pemenuhan kebutuhan serat kapas sebagai bahan baku industri tekstil dalam negeri sekaligus terus mengurangi ketergantungan impor kapas. Dukungan pemerintah dalam pengembangan kapas dilakukan berupa kebijakan harga kapas yang menarik, pemberian subsidi saprodi (benih, pupuk, pestisida) untuk meringankan biaya usaha tani kapas bagi petani, pembaharuan sistem penyuluhan serta mendorong transfer dan adopsi teknologi produksi oleh petani.Salah satu simpul keberhasilan perumusan kebijaksanaan dan program pertanian yang efektif dan terintegrasi memerlukan kesamaan cara pandang dan berpikir dalam melihat efisiensi suatu sistem komoditas. Dari kesamaan cara pandang dan berpikir dalam melihat efisiensi inilah dapat ditelusuri dan diformulasikan lebih lanjut faktor-faktor apa saja yang dominan mempengaruhi subsistem produksi usahatani kapas dan efisiensi produksinya. Pada akhirnya apabila telah terlihat seluruh gambaran menyeluruh dari suatu sistem usahatani kapas, maka dapatlah dikatakan bahwa efisiensi berkaitan erat dengan peningkatan daya saing komoditas untuk mendorong pengusahaannya oleh petani secara luas.Jika dalam usahatani yang dilakukan petani mendapatkan perbedaan produksi dan menemukan adanya daya saing yang diakibatkan oleh perubahan teknologi, maka preferensi petani untuk usahatani kapas akan berubah tergantung pada sikap dan perilakunya terhadap risiko. Hal ini berarti bahwa tingkat efisiensi yang tinggi yang diikuti oleh keunggulan bersaing sebagai prasyarat penting (necessary condition) pada pengembangan usahatani kapas rakyat tidaklah cukup, syarat kecukupannya (sufficiency condition) adalah kinerja pasar input dan hasil produksi yang mampu memberikan harapan insentif peningkatan produksi dan pendapatan bagi petani, sehingga mendorong petani untuk berani menghadapi kemungkinan terjadinya risiko (risk lover).

Assertoric Quality

The practice of assertion is said to be governed by an epistemic norm, with one of the leading candidates being the Knowledge Norm of Assertion (KNA). In this paper, I focus on the sufficiency condition of this norm, according to which one is properly positioned to assert that p if one knows that p. I show that this condition is false, and that the arguments to this end reveal something very important about the nature of epistemically proper assertion: the assertoric quality of the epistemic support, such as whether the belief in question has firsthand or secondhand grounding, is just as important as the quantity of epistemic support.

Evolved Fuzzy NN Control for Discrete-Time Nonlinear Systems

To guarantee the asymptotic stability of discrete-time nonlinear systems, this paper proposes an Evolved Bat Algorithm (EBA) fuzzy neural network (NN) controller. In the evolved fuzzy NN modeling, an NN model and linear differential inclusion (LDI) representation are established for arbitrary nonlinear dynamics. This representation is constructed by the use of sector nonlinearity to convert a nonlinear model to the multiple rule base of the linear model, and a new sufficiency condition to guarantee asymptotic stability in the Lyapunov function is implemented in terms of linear matrix inequalities. The proposed method is an enhancement of existing methods which produces good results.

EFFECTS OF MINIJETS ON COMMON OBSERVABLES IN HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS WITH UNCOMMON IMPLICATION

In this brief review of the observable effects of minijets in heavy-ion collisions, the main points emphasized are that the quadruple moment v2(pT, b) and the hadronic (π and p) spectra at low pT can both be reproduced by minijet contributions to the recombination of thermal and shower partons. Without using hydrodynamics the minijet approach does not trace the evolution of the expanding system. The thermal distribution of the medium partons at the time of hadronization is assumed, but rapid thermalization initially is not required so as to allow minijets to leave their footprints on the system in the final state. Azimuthal anisotropy due to minijets is directly calculated in the momentum space without any fluid assumption relating the spatial eccentricity to v2. There are no more parameters used and compared to the hydro approach in fitting the data on v2 and pT spectra. Thus both approaches satisfy the sufficiency condition for a viable description of the dynamical process involved.