Punishment by Association: The Burden of Attending Court for Legal Bystanders

Scholars have shown how legal bystanders experience punishment at the hands of the state in their homes and neighborhoods, as well as jails and prisons. Other scholars have shown how bureaucratic processes, such as attending court, are punitive toward people charged with crimes. There is less information about how legal bystanders also experience punishment in courtrooms. In this article, we bridge the literatures between secondary prisonization and procedural punishment to illustrate how legal bystanders, such as family and friends of bond court defendants, experience punishment when attending bond court. We utilize courtroom ethnography of Central Bond Court in Chicago’s Cook County and interviews with family and friends of people charged with a crime to illustrate this form of punishment in three themes: extraction, destabilization, and degradation. With these findings, we argue that secondary prisonization begins not at the point of incarceration, but at the moment a loved one’s contact with the criminal legal system begins.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (3aR,4S,7S,7aS)-4,5,6,7,8,8-hexachloro-2-{6-[(3aR,4R,7R,7aS)-4,5,6,7,8,8-hexachloro-1,3-dioxo-1,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-2H-4,7-methanoisoindol-2-yl]hexyl}-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

The molecule of the title compound, C24H16Cl12N2O4, is generated by a crystallographic inversion centre at the midpoint of the central C—C bond. A kink in the molecule is defined by a torsion angle of −169.86 (15)° about this central bond of the alkyl bridge. The pyrrolidine ring is essentially planar [max. deviation = 0.014 (1) Å]. The cyclohexane ring has a boat conformation, while both cyclopentane rings adopt an envelope conformation. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked by intermolecular C—H...O, C—H...Cl and C—Cl...π interactions, and short intermolecular Cl...O and Cl...Cl contacts, forming a three-dimensional network.

From “inverted” to “superdirect“ bonds: a general concept connecting substituent angles with sigma bond strengths. The case of the CC bonds in hydrocarbons.

<div>The C-C dissociation energy with respect to geometry frozen fragments (BE) has been calculated for C2H6 as a function of  = H-C-C angles. BE decreases rapidly when  decreases from its equilibrium value to yield the so-called “inverted bonds” for  < 90°; on the contrary BE increases</div><div>when  increases to yield somehow “superdirect” bonds, following a sigmoidal variation. The central bond in Si2H6, Ge2H6 and N 2H4 as well as the C-H bond in CH3-H behaves similarly. The concept of “invertedness”/”directedness” is generalized to any CC sigma bond in hydrocarbons and characterized by the mean angle value <> of substituents. Using dynamic orbital forces (DOF) as indices, the intrinsic  bond energies are studied as a function of <> for formally single bonds in a</div><div>panel of 22 molecules. This energy decreases from the strongest “superdirect” bonds in butadiyne, (<> = 180°) or tetrahedrylacetylene to the weakest “inverted bond” in cyclobutene, tetrahedrane, bicyclobutane and [1.1.1]propellane (<> = 60°), according to a sigmoidal variation. The <> parameter appears as a crude, but straightforward and robust, index of strain in cyclic molecules. Sigma bonds in multiple bonds of a panel of 11 molecules have most of time <> values less than 90°</div><div>and are significantly weaker than standard single bonds. Thus they can be considered as formally inverted or near inverted.</div><div><br></div>

Synthesis, structure, and theoretical studies of a calcium complex of a unique dianion derived from 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one

The title compound, catena-poly[[tetrakis(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one-κO)calcium(II)]-μ-(E)-1,1′-dimethyl-2,2′-dioxo-1,1′,2,2′-tetrahydro-[3,3′-bipyrrolylidene]-5,5′-bis(thiolato)-κ2 O:O′], [Ca(C10H8N2O2S2)(C5H9NO)4] n , 1, crystallizes in the triclinic space group P\overline{1}. The crystal studied was twinned by non-merohedry via two different twofold operations, about the normals to (001) and (1\overline{1}0), giving four twin domains with refined occupancies of 0.412 (4), 0.366 (4), 0.055 (1), 0.167 (4). The Ca atoms are located on centers of inversion. Each Ca is surrounded by four 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one (NMP) ligands and coordinated through one of the two O atoms to two (E)-1,1′-dimethyl-2,2′-dioxo-1,1′,2,2′-tetrahydro-[3,3′-bipyrrolylidene]-5,5′-bis(thiolate), [C10H8N2O2S2]2−, dianions (abbreviation: DMTBT). This dianion thus facilitates the formation of a 1-D polymer, which propagates in the [011] direction. These ribbons are linked by intermolecular C—H...S interactions. Each Ca atom is in an octahedral CaO6 six-coordinate environment with Ca—O bond lengths ranging from 2.308 (6) to 2.341 (6) Å, cis bond angles ranging from 88.2 (2) to 91.8 (2)° and the trans angles all 180° due to the Ca atoms being located on centers of inversion. Theoretical calculations were carried out using density functional theory (DFT) and the results showed that although the central DMTBT dianion is planar there is likely some resonance across the central bond between both azapentyl rings, but this is not sufficient to establish a ring current. The calculated UV–vis spectrum shows a peak at 625 nm, which accounts for the deep blue–purple color of solutions of the complex.

Early time evolution of a localized nonlinear excitation in the β-FPUT chain

We present the detailed dynamics of the particles in the [Formula: see text]-Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou (FPUT) chain after the initiation of a localized nonlinear excitation (LNE) by squeezing a central bond in the monodispersed chain at time [Formula: see text] = 0 while all other particles remain in their original relaxed positions. In the absence of phonons in the system, the LNE appears to initiate its relaxation process by symmetrically emitting two very weak solitary waves. The next stage involves the spreading of the LNE and the formation of nonsolitary wave-like objects to broaden the excitation region until a stage is reached when many weak solitary wave-like objects can be emitted as the system begins its journey to quasi-equilibrium and then to equilibrium. In addition to being of fundamental interest, these systems may be realized using cantilever systems and could well hold the key to constructing the next generation of broadband energy harvesting systems.

Transient Liquid Phase Bonding of Al/Mg2Si Composite Using a Cu-Ni Mixed Powder

Transient liquid phase bonding of Al/Mg2Si metal matrix composite (MMC) was investigated using a Cu-Ni mixed powder interlayer (1:1 proportion by weight) in an argon environment at various temperatures and holding time. The composite (MMC), containing 15% Mg2Si particles, was produced by in situ technique. The use of pure copper interlayer in Al/Mg2Si metal matrix composite causes reinforcement particles segregation at the bond interface. The region of weakness produced by the particles segregation at the bond region has been found to promote preferential failure during tensile testing. Using a mixture of Ni and Cu powder as filler material have shown less segregation of particles reinforcement along central bond zone. The composition and microstructure of the joined area were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Shear tests were conducted to the samples to evaluate the effect of bonding duration on weldabillity. As the bonding time increases, with continual diffusion, the structural heterogeneity is diminished, and the microporosities are eliminated at the central bond zone. The shear strength of joints increased with increasing bonding duration.

Secondary Interactions in Crystals of all Ten Isomers of Di(bromomethyl)naphthalene

The packing of all ten isomers of di(bromomethyl)naphthalene is analysed; nine of the structures were determined here, one (the 1,8-isomer) was already known. The 1,5- and 2,6-isomers display crystallographic inversion symmetry and the 2,7-isomer mirror symmetry through the central bond. For the 1,2-, 1,7- and 2,7-isomers, the bromomethyl groups point to the same side of the ring system, and for all other isomers to opposite sides. As expected, the molecules are linked into aggregates by various types of interactions: weak hydrogen bonds CH...Br, Br...Br interactions, CH...π contacts, π...π stacking and Br...π contacts. The weak hydrogen bonds tend to be numerous but relatively long, and do not combine to form readily recognisable patterns; a more readily assimilated view of the packing is based on the Br...Br interactions, which are observed for all isomers except 1,7 and 2,3, and in some cases lead to aggregation to form quadrilaterals or chains. With decreasing frequency, the interactions π...π, C-H...π and Br...π are observed, but the latter are rare (just two examples) and very asymmetric, with contacts to only one or two carbons.