Operational algorithm for a heat detector used in motor vehicles

In most cases, fixed temperature heat detectors are used to detect fire in vehicles. The response parameter of such detectors is constant. The time of fire detection by a fire detector, as well as the probability of its false operation, are affected by heat flux from an internal combustion engine. This paper reports the development and investigation of an operational algorithm of the fixed-dynamic heat detectors with variable response parameters. Depending on the temperature influence exerted by engine operation modes, a given algorithm automatically changes a value of the minimal static response temperature of a detector, as well as value of the rate of rise in the temperature of its response. The experimental results showed that in the initial period of engine operation, the temperature change rate in the engine compartment fluctuates and is the largest. It can exceed 290 °С/min. However, regardless of the type of vehicle and the type of engine, when the temperature reaches technological, the temperature change rate would vary within small limits, approximately 30÷50 °С/min. The study results from the Simulink software package (USA) in the MATLAB programming environment (USA) confirm the effectiveness of the programmed operational algorithm of a thermal fire detector. The developed algorithm of a fire detector's operation makes it possible to detect the fire at an early stage and reduce the cases of the device's false response. The fire detector responded to both the maximal and dynamic components. As regards the maximal component, the proposed detector is triggered about 2.3 times faster than the classic maximal thermal fire detector. Detection of fire at an early stage makes it possible to quickly use the fire extinguishing system

A Dark Target research aerosol algorithm for MODIS observations over eastern China: increasing coverage while maintaining accuracy at high aerosol loading

Satellite aerosol products such as the Dark Target (DT) produced from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are useful for monitoring the progress of air pollution. Unfortunately, the DT often fails to retrieve during the heaviest aerosol events as well as the more moderate events in winter. Some of the literature attributes this lack of retrieval to the cloud mask. However, we found this lack of retrieval is mainly traced to thresholds used for masking of inland water and snow. Modifications to these two masks greatly increase 50 % of the retrievals of aerosol optical depth at 0.55 µm (AOD) greater than 1.0. The “extra”-high-AOD retrievals tend to be biased when compared with a ground-based sun photometer (AErosol RObotic NETwork, AERONET). Reducing bias in new retrievals requires two additional steps. One is an update to the assumed aerosol optical properties (aerosol model); the haze in this region is both less absorbing and lower in altitude than what is assumed in the global algorithm. The second is accounting for the scale height of the aerosol, specifically that the heavy-aerosol events in the region are much closer to the surface than what is assumed by the global DT algorithm. The resulting combination of modified masking thresholds, new aerosol model, and lower aerosol layer scale height was applied to 3 months of MODIS observations (January–March 2013) over eastern China. After these two additional steps are implemented, the significant increase in new retrievals introduces no overall bias at a high-AOD regime but does degrade other overall validation statistics. We also find that the research algorithm is able to identify additional pollution events that AERONET instruments may not due to different spatial sampling. Mean AOD retrieved from the research algorithm increases from 0.11 to 0.18 compared to values calculated from the operational DT algorithm during January to March of 2013 over the study area. But near Beijing, where the severe pollution occurs, the new algorithm increases AOD by as much as 3.0 for each 0.5∘ grid box over the previous operational-algorithm values.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM WITH WIRELESS MONITORING

The work is devoted to the development of an efficient photovoltaic installation with automated wireless monitoring based on the LabView software. Long-distance communication technology - LoRa was used to wirelessly transmit data on the output characteristic states of the photovoltaic installation, storage battery and built-in sensors. This module operates at 433 MHz and transmits small data packets with low power consumption. This makes the stand-alone system energy efficient compared to similar wireless installations. The graphical software LabView was chosen to monitor the state of the developed system. The paper shows a block diagram of an automated wireless system, an operational algorithm of the external transmitting part of the installation, as well as electrical circuits of the transmitting and receiving control units. As a result of the work, a photovoltaic system with an automated wireless monitoring system and graphical data display was developed. The developed automated complex is more efficient and easy to use in comparison with other systems.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM WITH WIRELESS MONITORING

The work is devoted to the development of an efficient photovoltaic installation with automated wireless monitoring based on the LabView software. Long-distance communication technology - LoRa was used to wirelessly transmit data on the output characteristic states of the photovoltaic installation, storage battery and built-in sensors. This module operates at 433 MHz and transmits small data packets with low power consumption. This makes the stand-alone system energy efficient compared to similar wireless installations. The graphical software LabView was chosen to monitor the state of the developed system. The paper shows a block diagram of an automated wireless system, an operational algorithm of the external transmitting part of the installation, as well as electrical circuits of the transmitting and receiving control units. As a result of the work, a photovoltaic system with an automated wireless monitoring system and graphical data display was developed. The developed automated complex is more efficient and easy to use in comparison with other systems.

COMBINED OZONIZATION SYSTEM FOR MILK STERILIZATION

The main disadvantage of the existing facilities for antibacterial milk treatment is its low quality due to the lack of ozonation. Milk sterilization requires a combined system of ozonation that includes ozonation and ultraviolet irradiation. In this system, ozone is prepared in a sealed chamber, and ozone saturation of milk occurs impulsively. In each feeding period, the amount of ozone is increased step-by-step, and its concentration can be varied according to the required level of microbial contamination of milk. At the initial stage, ozone at a concentration of 24 g/m3 is applied in pulses for 10 s; then, based on the readings of the bacterial concentration sensor, the operating mode is adjusted according to the program. An operational algorithm of the control program of the combined ozonation system for milk sterilization is developed to operate in two modes: the fi lling mode and the milk processing mode. Microbiological analysis of sterilized milk shows that the maximum eff ect is observed in the fi rst 15 seconds of the system operation. On average, the concentration of pathogenic microfl ora decreases by 24%. Within 60 seconds, the microbial contamination of milk decreases by 49%. The combined ozonation system makes it possible to improve the quality of milk sterilization, taking into account the required level of microbial contamination in milk and reducing the adverse effects of long-term high-temperature exposure. The authors have experimentally proved the feasibility of the combined ozonation system using the developed control program algorithm.

Consistency of the Single Calculus Chain Optical Products with Archived Measurements from an EARLINET Lidar Station

A long-term analysis and climatology of aerosol backscatter and extinction coefficients profiles using a five-year study period lidar dataset derived from a multiwavelenth Raman lidar at Thessaloniki station is presented. All measurements have been processed with the latest version of the Single Calculus Chain (SCCv5.1.6) fully automated algorithm, which has been developed to provide a common lidar processing tool, within EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar NETwork) stations. The optical products delivered by the SCC tool have already been compared with the optical products derived from the operational algorithm of Thessaloniki (THessaloniki Aerosol LIdar Algorithm-THALIA) and discussed in terms of inhomogeneities. In this contribution, we analyze these products for climatological purposes, in order to investigate the aerosol columnar properties over Thessaloniki lidar station, drawing conclusions about the issues to be considered when switching from the current operational algorithm to the SCCv5. The SCCv5 algorithm is evaluated for the AOD both for 355 and 532 nm. The agreement with THALIA algorithm seems promising with correlations of 0.89 and 0.84, respectively, and absolute deviations within the range of the EARLINET quality requirements. Time series of the AOD at 355 nm denote a decrease of 0.017 per year in the free troposphere, a trend that is also shown in the AOD values derived from the operational algorithm (0.014). A decrease of 0.01 per year in the lower troposphere is also noted from the SCC, whereas the corresponding AOD values derived from the operational algorithm denote a decrease of 0.017.

A Dark Target research aerosol algorithm for MODIS observations over eastern China: Increasing coverage while maintaining accuracy at high aerosol loading

Satellite aerosol products such as the Dark Target (DT) produced from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), are useful for monitoring the progress of air pollution. Unfortunately, the DT often fails to retrieve during the heaviest aerosol events as well as the more moderate events in winter. Some literatures attribute this lack of retrieval to cloud mask. However, we found this lack of retrieval is mainly traced to thresholds used for masking of inland water and snow. Modifications to these two masks greatly increase the coverage of retrievals overall (50 %) and double the retrievals of aerosol optical depth at 0.55 µm (AOD) greater than 1.0. The extra high AOD retrievals tend to be biased when compared with ground-based sunphotometer (AERONET). Reducing bias in new retrievals requires two additional steps. One is an update to the assumed aerosol optical properties (aerosol model) – the haze in this region is both less absorbing and lower in altitude than what is assumed in the global algorithm. The second is accounting for the scale height of the aerosol, specifically that the heavy aerosol events in the region are much closer to the surface than what is assumed by the global DT algorithm. The resulting combination of modified masking thresholds, new aerosol model, and lower aerosol layer scale height was applied to three months of MODIS observations (Jan–March 2013) over eastern China. When compared with AERONET, 70 % of the research algorithm retrievals fall within ±(0.08 + 0.17 × AOD). We also find that the research algorithm is able to identify additional pollution events that a triad of AERONET instruments surrounding Beijing could not. Mean AOD retrieved from the research algorithm increases from 0.11 to 0.18 compared to values calculated from the operational DT algorithm during January to March of 2013 over the study area. But near Beijing where the severe pollution occurs, the new algorithm increases AOD by as much as 3.0 for each 0.5° grid box, over the previous operational algorithm values.

Determining of the laser heat flux for three-dimensional conduction model by the sequential method

When performing a laser processing, one of the parameters to consider is the laser heat flux. This is a very important parameter of the processing. It is difficult to directly and correctly measure this parameter during the processing. Therefore, to estimate this parameter, a solution has been implemented. In this study, the Newton--Raphson method has been calibrated as an operational algorithm to evaluate the laser heat flux value accurately in the 3-D conduction model. The outstanding features in this algorithm: the unaware absorption coefficient's functional form is no preset, and the nonlinear least-squares are no necessary. To confirm the effectiveness of the presented method, the paper has given two specific applications. Indeed, in this research, based on the results that have been achieved in two illustrations, the sequential method to determine the inversely laser heat flux in the three-dimensional conduction model is a reasonable, correct, and powerful method.