Salt composition and biogenic elements in modern pore waters of the Barents Sea (1997–2019)

The data (Cl-, SO42-, Ca2+ Alk and biogenic elements) on the salt composition of pore water and the isotopic organic carbon composition of suspended particulate matter, fluffy layer and surface layers (0–30 cm) of bottom sediments in the Barents and Norwegian seas are discussed during the period of the supposed maximum warming in the Arctic region in the 21st century associated with the “atlantification” of the Arctic Ocean.

Estimating the impact of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption on mesospheric temperature by analyzing HALOE (UARS) temperature data

The Mt. Pinatubo eruption in 1991 had a severe impact on the Earth system with a well-documented warming of the tropical lower stratosphere and a general cooling of the surface. This study focuses on the impact of this event on the mesosphere by analyzing solar occultation temperature data from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) instrument on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). Previous analysis of lidar temperature data found positive temperature anomalies of up to 12.9 K in the upper mesosphere that peaked in 1993 and were attributed to the Pinatubo eruption. Fitting the HALOE data according to a previously published method indicates a maximum warming of the mesosphere region of 3.3 K and does not confirm significantly higher values reported for that lidar time series. An alternative fit is proposed that assumes a more rapid response of the mesosphere to the volcanic event and approximates the signature of the Pinatubo with an exponential decay function having an e-folding time of 6 months. It suggests a maximum warming of 5.5 K if the mesospheric perturbation is assumed to reach its peak 4 month after the eruption. We conclude that the HALOE time series probably captures the decay of a Pinatubo-induced mesospheric warming at the beginning of its measurement period.

Differences in the quasi-biennial oscillation response to stratospheric aerosol modification depending on injection strategy and species

A known adverse side effect of stratospheric aerosol modification (SAM) is the alteration of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), which is caused by the stratospheric heating associated with an artificial aerosol layer. Multiple studies found the QBO to slow down or even completely vanish for point-like injections of SO2 at the Equator. The cause for this was found to be a modification of the thermal wind balance and a stronger tropical upwelling. For other injection strategies, different responses of the QBO have been observed. A theory which is able to explain those differences in a comprehensive manner has not yet been presented. This is further complicated by the fact that the simulated QBO response is highly sensitive to the used model even under identical boundary conditions. Therefore, within this study we investigate the response of the QBO to SAM for three different injection strategies (point-like injection at the Equator, point-like injection at 30∘ N and 30∘ S simultaneously, and areal injection into a 60∘ wide belt along the Equator). Our simulations confirm that the QBO response significantly depends on the injection location. Based on the thermal wind balance, we demonstrate that this dependency is explained by differences in the meridional structure of the aerosol-induced stratospheric warming, i.e., the location and meridional extension of the maximum warming. Additionally, we also tested two different injection species (SO2 and H2SO4). The QBO response is qualitatively similar for both investigated injection species. Comparing the results to corresponding results of a second model, we further demonstrate the generality of our theory as well as the importance of an interactive treatment of stratospheric ozone for the simulated QBO response.

Differences in the QBO response to stratospheric aerosol modification depending on injection strategy and species

A known adverse side effect of stratospheric aerosol modification (SAM) is the modification of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), which is caused by the stratospheric heating associated with an artificial aerosol layer. Multiple studies found the QBO to slow down or even completely vanish for point-like injections of SO2 at the equator. The cause for this was found to be a modification of the thermal wind balance and a stronger tropical upwelling. For other injection strategies, different responses of the QBO have been observed. It has not yet been presented a theory which is able to explain those differences in a comprehensive manner, which is further complicated by the fact that the simulated QBO response is highly sensitive to the used model even under identical boundary conditions. Therefore, within this study we investigate the response of the QBO to SAM for three different injection strategies (point-like injection at the equator, point-like injection at 30° N and 30° S simultaneously, and areal injection into a 60° wide belt along the equator). Our simulations confirm that the QBO response significantly depends on the injection location. Based on the thermal wind balance, we demonstrate that this dependency is explained by differences in the meridional structure of the aerosol-induced stratospheric warming, i.e. the location and meridional extension of the maximum warming. Additionally, we also tested two different injection species (SO2 and H2SO4). The QBO response is qualitatively similar for both investigated injection species. Comparing the results to corresponding results of a second model, we further demonstrate the generality of our theory as well as the importance of an interactive treatment of stratospheric ozone for the simulated QBO response.

Impact of November 2010 volcanic activity on the UTLS temperatures

<p>Recent studies have shown an increase of stratospheric aerosol optical depth in the last 20 years despite the absence of large volcanic eruptions in the same period, contributing to supporting the hypothesis that several minor eruptions could impact the atmospheric variability as a large one. November 2010 was a relatively active volcanic period in the tropical belt, three eruptions with Volcanic Explosivity Index higher than 3 occurred in a time span of about 3 weeks: Merapi, Tengger Caldera and Tungurahua. Merapi was the largest eruption of the three, directly overshooting the stratosphere and injecting a large amount of sulfur dioxide. In this study, we analyse the impact of this series of eruptions on the temperature derived from radio occultation observations in upper troposphere lower stratosphere at the local, regional and global scale. The impact of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and linear trend on temperature is estimated and removed from temperature time series using multiple linear regression. Signatures of volcanic eruptions in temperature are analysed using post fit residuals. The results show significant warming in the lower stratosphere between 10°S and 0° for a period of 7 months after the eruptions with a maximum anomaly amplitude of about 1.4 K at 18 km altitude. Whilst the maximum warming in Merapi’s vicinity occurred 4 months after the eruption and reached the magnitude of almost 4 K.</p>

Southern-Hemisphere high-latitude stratospheric warming revisit

Previous studies showed significant stratospheric warming at the Southern-Hemisphere (SH) high latitudes in September and October over 1979–2006. The warming trend center was located over the Southern Ocean poleward of the Western Pacific in September, with a maximum trend of about 2.8 K/decade. The warming trends in October showed a dipole pattern, with the warming center over the Ross and Amundsen Sea, and the maximum warming trend is about 2.6 K/decade. In the present study, we revisit the problem of the SH stratospheric warming in the recent decade. It is found that the SH high-latitude stratosphere continued warming in September and October over 2007–2017, but with very different spatial patterns. Multiple linear regression demonstrates that ozone increases play an important role in the SH high-latitude stratospheric warming in September and November, while the changes in the Brewer-Dobson circulation contributes little to the warming. This is different from the situation over 1979–2006 when the SH high-latitude stratospheric warming was mainly caused by the strengthening of the Brewer-Dobson circulation and the eastward shift of the warming center. Simulations forced with observed ozone changes over 2007–2017 shows warming trends, suggesting that the observed warming trends over 2007–2017 are at least partly due to ozone recovery. The warming trends due to ozone recovery have important implications for stratospheric, tropospheric and surface climates on SH.

POTENSI DAYA DARI SOLAR CELL TERPASANG SESUAI DENGAN POLA ATAP RUMAH BERBASIS ARSITEKTUR BALI

This study was conducted to determine the potential power obtained at home with the Balinese roof pattern when developed with renewable energy sources. Solar energy as a source of renewable energy has enormous potential, especially in Indonesia. Balinese architecture-based roof pattern has 4 fields, the north and south side are trapezoidal and the east and west sides are triangular with 350 roof inclination angle. One of Bali's traditional buildings is Bale Sari, which is a case study with an area of ??32.64 m2, length 6.40m and width 5.10m. Bale Sari's roof has a pyramid pattern, each side having the same length and width. Methods performed in this study with manual calculations to find the potential maximum power. The total number of solar panels used is 234 pieces. With this amount, obtained the best potential results on the southern side, with an average power gained of 667.67 Watt. The results are obtained when the sun is at a maximum warming point or precisely when the weather is sunny. The result of the average power potential analysis obtained by solar cell installed on the roof of the Balinese architecture house is 1,935.49 Watt.

Contribution of sea-ice albedo and insulation effects to Arctic amplification in the EC-Earth Pliocene simulation

In the present work, we simulate the Pliocene climate with EC-Earth climate model as an analogue for current warming climate induced by massive CO2 in the atmosphere. The simulated Pliocene climate shows a strong Arctic amplification featured by pronounced warming sea surface temperature (SST) over North Atlantic in particular over Greenland Sea and Baffin Bays, which is comparable with geological SST reconstructions from PRISM. To understand the underlying physical processes, the air-sea heat flux variation in response to Arctic sea-ice change is quantitatively assessed by a climate feedback and response analysis method (CFRAM) and an equilibrium feedback assessment (EFA)-like approach. Giving the facts that the maximum warming in SST occurs in summer while the maximum warming in surface air temperature happens during winter, our analyses show that dominant ice-albedo effect is the main reason for summer SST warming, a 1 % loss in sea-ice concentration could lead to an approximate 2 W m-2 increase in shortwave solar radiation into open sea surface. During winter month, the insulation effect induces enhanced turbulent heat flux out of sea surface due to sea-ice melting in previous summer months. This leads to more heat release from the ocean to atmosphere, thus explaining the stronger surface air temperature warming amplification in winter than in summer.