Hydrocephalus and Dandy- Walker Malformation: a review

Introduction: Dandy Walker malformation (DWM) is characterized by agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis, cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle leading to an increase of the posterior fossa and superior dislocation of the lateral sinus, tentorium and torcula. Although it is the commonest posterior fossa malformation, its pathogenesis is still not fully understood, making the differential diagnosis with other posterior fossa malformations difficult and as a result the choice of therapeutic strategy. Material and methods: An extensive review of the literature relating to Dandy Walker malformation was performed. Historical, genetic, embryologic, epidemiologic, clinical and radiological presentation, treatment and prognosis were revised. Conclusion: The correct diagnosis of Dandy Walker malformation can be made through careful interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow studies. The choice of hydrocephalus treatment depends on whether there is aqueduct stenosis. And, although ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts have been the treatment of choice for many years, neuroendoscopic techniques such as endoscopic thirdventriculostomy and stent placement are being frequently performed lately.

Congenital Deformity of the Knee Joint: A Boy With Congenital Patella Alta

ntroduction: Patella alta is an extremely rare condition, refers to an abnormally high position of the patella. Surgical treatment of habitual dislocation of the patella aims at a step-by-step correction of the abnormality. Case Presentation: A 4-year-old boy presented with a rare superior dislocation of the patella. Clinical examination and radiographs confirmed the dislocation of the patella. The patella was reduced with proper reduction technique under sedation, resulting in the improvement of active range of motion. onclusion: Congenital patella alta is a rare deformity in children. Treatment and diagnosis in the early stages are of our priority in the treatment. Our non-surgical treatment is our preferred treatment in this patient. The surgical treatment approach is performed in patients that have no response to non-surgical treatments.

Superior Dislocation of Patella Without Osteophytes – A Rare Case

A 66-year-old woman sustained a “sprain” of her right knee while walking inside a supermarket. She complained of sudden knee pain and was unable to walk or move her right knee. She attended Accident and Emergency Department and was admitted into Orthopaedic ward with a diagnosis of “patella tendon rupture”. Physical examination on admission showed swelling, bruise and local tenderness just below the inferior pole of upward migrated patella bone. The extensor mechanism was loss. Passive knee motion was 0-20 degree only, limited by pain. Plain radiographs showed superior migrated patella. Beside ultrasound showed intact patella tendon. Closed reduction without anaesthesia was done successfully with an immediate regain of knee motion to 0-80 degree. Post-reduction x ray showed reduced patella with no fracture. Follow-up at 6 weeks showed normal active motion knee motion with full quadriceps power. Superior patellar dislocation is a rare condition. At 2016, only 23 cases were reported in English literature. It should be considered as a differential diagnosis of patella tendon rupture or locked knee. Pathognomonic radiographic features include proximal displaced patella with superior pole tilted away from femur and a dimple in skin. Ultrasonography may be used to exclude patella tendon rupture, which is a more common diagnosis in elderly. Most superior dislocations are due to interlocking patella and trochlear osteophyte. This may the second reported case of superior dislocation of patella without osteophytes. Closed reduction may be done without general anaesthesia. After reduction of superior patella dislocation, the functional recovery is rapid.

Superior Dislocation of the Patella in a Young Patient without Osteophytes: A Case Report with Discussion about Differential Diagnosis

We report a case of superior dislocation of the patella in a young woman without degenerative changes. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and imaging data obtained from the patient. This article describes a rare case of patellar dislocation following a bicycle fall in a 19-year-old woman without any history of patellofemoral complaints. Our literature search yielded 28 case reports; however, most reports describe older individuals with osteoarthritis. Only two reports have previously described this lesion in young patients without osteophytes, but some features, like an increase of the patella tilt, may raise doubts about whether it would be better to classify them as a vertical dislocation of the patella, another quite rare lesion, or just as a variant of a superior dislocation.

Influence of adhesive system on quartz fiber post dislocation resistance in endodontically treated teeth

Aim: To evaluate the dislocation resistance of the quartz fiber post/cement/dentin interface after different adhesion strategies. Methods: Forty bovine lower central incisors were selected and prepared with K-files using the step-back technique, and irrigated with 3 mL of distilled water preceding the use of each instrument. Prepared teeth were stored at 37ºC and 100% humidity for 7 days. The roots were prepared and randomized into 4 groups. The quartz fiber post was cemented with an adhesion strategy according to the following groups: GBisCem- BISCEM; GOneStep±C&B- One Step ± C&B; GAllBond±C&B- AllBond3 ± C&B; GAllBondSE±C&B- AllBondSE ±C&B with a quartz fiber post. Cross-sectional root slices of 0.7 mm were produced and stored for 24 h at 37° C before being submitted to push-out bond strength. Results: The mean and standard deviation values of dislocation resistance were GBisCem: 1.12 (± 0.23) MPa, GOneStep±C&B: 0.81 (± 0.31) MPa, GAllBond±C&B: 0.98 (± 0.14) MPa, and GAllBondSE±C&B: 1.57 (± 0.04) MPa. GAllBondSE±C&B showed significantly higher values of dislocation resistance than the other groups. Conclusions: Based on this study design, it may be concluded that adhesion strategies showed different results of quartz post dislocation resistance. Simplified adhesive system with sodium benzene sulphinate incorporation provided superior dislocation resistance.

A Rare Case Report of an Unusual Dislocation of Fractured Mandibular Condyle

Several cases have been reported regarding superolateral, posterior, or superior dislocation of mandibular condyle. The anteromedial dislocation of fractured condyle is the most common among all. This article reports an unusual and unique case of dislocated fractured mandibular condyle wherein the fractured left condylar head was dislocated to the left anatomic angle of mandible. We have not found a single such case in the world English literature published till date. The presented case falls in the rarest of the rare category that will add to our previous knowledge about the types and extent of fracture dislocation of mandibular condyle.