Shanghai Teachers’ Perceptions of Distributed Leadership: Resources and Agency

Purpose: Drawing on distributed leadership and motivation theories, this study investigates teachers’ perceptions of resource and agency distributions and identifies the key factors motivating leadership among teachers. Design/Approach/Methods: This quantitative study collected data from 327 teachers in nine schools in Shanghai. Chi-square tests of independence were conducted to examine the associations between leadership structures and power distance, while Spearman’s correlation tests were used to identify changes in leadership resource impact. A nonparametric Friedman’s test was applied to detect discrepancies between the agency of principals, team leaders, and teachers. Finally, Chi-square tests were conducted to discern the associations between teachers’ workload and motivation to lead. Findings: Most teachers identified the pyramid and spider’s web structures—which feature one power center and a high power distance—in their schools. The leadership resources and agency distributions corresponded to the school hierarchy: the higher position held by a teacher or a leader, the more resources they received, and the greater the agency they exercised. Results indicate that support from the principal is the most important factor in teachers’ participation in distributed leadership, while extra pay and leadership title are the least effective motivators. Originality/Value: This study has theoretical and practical value. First, it demonstrates the value of the resource–agency duality model for analyzing distributed leadership. Second, this study shows that promoting distributed leadership in Shanghai schools requires re-designing organizational resources and individual agency.

Second-Order Parametric Free Dualities for Complex Minimax Fractional Programming

In this paper, we will consider a minimax fractional programming in complex spaces. Since a duality model in a programming problem plays an important role, we will establish the second-order Mond–Weir type and Wolfe type dual models, and derive the weak, strong, and strictly converse duality theorems.

Duality—concept, data and twin goals in Ghanaian firms

: Pragmatically, there has been hot debate on the new wave of strategic governance in duality as a concept from Business perspective. Critics argue sharply and blamed Management inappropriately for utilizing duality model to achieve corporate goals. Nevertheless, there is a school of thought that believes that duality model negatively or positively impacts the corporate performance especially at the top-level of management hierarchy. Few of the authors think it has no impact whether the duality model is adopted or not by Top-level management. The purpose of this study examines the duality model as a concept and its dual goals from the Ghanaian context. Specifically this study focus on measurement of the impact of duality model behavior of organizations in Ghanaian community. This study also aims to measure the application of the duality concept in relation to the three models : Technology acceptance model (1999), agency theory by Ullmann (1985), institutional theory by Dominic (2010).This research uses primary data from thirty prominent organizations in Ghana, which have used the model in duality roles .Questionnaire were sent to top level management in these organizations to collect Primary data .Responses were categorized and analysis was performed on data that was collected , to determine data reliability and usefulness. The result indicates that duality model is perceived to be easy and less expensive to use and most of the managers in duality role perform better than individual managers in separate roles. Based on the research findings, managerial implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Organizational Routines

This chapter presents an integrated duality model to understand how changes in core processes caused by strategic interventions are related with views on human conduct, organizational routines and embedded organizations, particularly in today's society that is characterized by fluidity and continuous change. This model is developed from a Deweyian perspective on human conduct including the interplay between habits, cognition and emotion. Using this duality model, the current chapter discusses why top-down strategic plans and initiatives will result in resistance amongst organizational members. Finally, it discusses directions for further theoretical development and empirical research.

Nonsmooth Multiobjective Fractional Programming with Local Lipschitz ExponentialB-p,r-Invexity

We study nonsmooth multiobjective fractional programming problem containing local Lipschitz exponentialB-p,r-invex functions with respect toηandb. We introduce a new concept of nonconvex functions, called exponentialB-p,r-invex functions. Base on the generalized invex functions, we establish sufficient optimality conditions for a feasible point to be an efficient solution. Furthermore, employing optimality conditions to perform Mond-Weir type duality model and prove the duality theorems including weak duality, strong duality, and strict converse duality theorem under exponentialB-p,r-invexity assumptions. Consequently, the optimal values of the primal problem and the Mond-Weir type duality problem have no duality gap under the framework of exponentialB-p,r-invexity.