Approaching Mrs. Slipslop, Uncle Toby and Mr. Bounderby from a Modern Individual Psychology Perspective

The paper examines the psychological superiority/inferiority complexes coined by Alfred Adler (1870-1937) in three selected characters from different novels: Mrs. Slipslop from Fielding’s Joseph Andrews (1742), Uncle Toby from Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy (1759) and Mr. Bounderby from Dickens’s Hard Times (1854). These complexes are traced in the characters and associated with how they are induced by the characters’ physical and social deformities. The paper attempts to demonstrate that such psychological complexes in the character make it difficult for him/her to communicate as well as interact with others around them. Such deformities become whimsical obsessions that alienate them from their society and disorder their lives particularly at communication and result in impossibility of mutual understanding. The paper also highlights such complexes on the linguistic level.

STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY TOKOH HARUMI TAKASUGI DALAM MANGA TAKASUGI SAN CHI NO OBENTOU KARYA NOZOMI YANAHARA (SEBUAH KAJIAN PSIKOLOGI SASTRA ALFRED ADLER)

Perjuangan adalah satu hal yang harus terus diusahakan untuk memperoleh keberhasilan. Manga Takasugi san chi no Obentou karya Nozomi Yanahara dengan jelas menunjukkan proses perjuangan seorang perjaka bernama Harumi Takasugi untuk menjadi wali seorang anak di bawah umur. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui bagaimana proses perjuangan tokoh Harumi Takasugi untuk menjadi wali yang bertanggung jawab dalam manga Takasugi san Chi No Obentou karya Nozomi Yanahara. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan psikoloi sastra, dengan memanfaatkan teori Striving for Superiority yang dikemukakan oleh Alfred Adler untuk menunjukkan awal kebangkitan seseorang dari rasa inferioritasnya. Data penelitian diambil dari beberapa adegan yang menunjukkan proses perjuangan tokoh Harumi Takasugi dari kondisi inferior sampai mencapai superioritasnya. Hasil penelitian proses striving for superiority menunjukkan dengan jelas bahwa keagresifan, motivasi diri, berpikir positif, rela berkorban, dan bekerja keras menjadikan striving for superiority yang dilakukan tokoh Harumi menjadi motor penggerak untuk mengalahkan perasaan inferiornya dan bahkan kepuasan menjadi kebahagiaan yang dirasakan tokoh Harumi di dalam manga Takasugi san Chi No Obentou karya Nozomi Yanahara.

Psychoanalysts of the first quarter of the 20th century about “Crime and Punishment” by Fyodor Dostoevsky

The article examines the judgements of representatives of psychoanalysis of the early 20th century on the life and work of Fyodor Dostoevsky and, in particular, his novel "Crime and Punishment". The works of such famous psychoanalysts and followers of psychoanalysis as Alfred Adler. Jolan Neufeld, Sigmund Freud and Erich Seligmann Fromm are analysed. In the article "Dostoevsky" Adler, noting the contradictory nature of the characters, points to the general direction of movement for them towards finding inner peace, which, in turn, reveals a similarity with the nature of the writer himself. The researcher's particular attention is drawn to the theme of the boundaries of what is permitted and what is not permitted in Dostoevsky's work. Neufeld in his work "Dostoevsky" indicates that the basis of artistic depiction in the work of Dostoevsky is the emotional experience of the writer himself, whose personality makeup the psychoanalyst assesses as hysterical, which, in turn, turns out to be characteristic of his heroes. The researcher also notes the writer's increased attention to the category of the unconscious and highlights a number of features characteristic of Dostoevsky's poetics. In the well-known work of Freud "Dostoevsky and Parricide", the influence of "unconscious impulses" in the work of the Russian classic on the structure and peculiarities of plot lines in his works is indicated. The founder of neopsychoanalysis, Fromm, also draws attention to the category of the unconscious, but he is more inclined to interpret the behaviour of the heroes taking into account social and worldview factors. On the whole, the considered studies of psychoanalysts laid the foundations for a close study of the features of psychologism in Dostoevsky's work.

Psychology of religion in the theories and research of the Lvov-Warsaw School (basic achievements and developments)

This article presents the basic achievements of the psychology of religion in the Lvov-Warsaw School of K. Twardowski, their developments and significance for the contemporary psychology of religion. Twardowski’s School existed parallel to other European psychological schools: the Würzburg School, founded by Oswald Külpe, and the Dorpat School of the Psychology of Religion, founded by Karl Girgensohn (unfortunately without mutual scientific relations). The article presents two research trends in the psychology of religion resulting from Twardowski’s works, specifically research on mental acts and religious beliefs with use of introspection and research in the field of cultural-historical psychology. The theory of acts and products, and the theory of cratism/power (similar to the theory of Alfred Adler) played crucial roles here. Psychological investigations into religious beliefs were also dominated by the psychological principle of contradiction, and the obtained results also seem to be important today.