Is COVID-19 an Immune Complex Disease and are Billions Vaccinated Concomitantly Dosed with an Immunomodulatory Effector-Checkpoint Viral Mimetic Fc Receptor ?

COVID-19 has often been presented as a hundred diseases of diverse systems and organs needing many specialist experts to study and treat each aspect of this vast scope of pathological complexity in isolation. Alternatively, over the preceding decades, the Merck Manual, numerous publications, and certain patents have described systemic antigen-antibody immune complex diseases caused by viral and other infections with diverse symptoms similar to those of COVID-19. COVID-19 and systemic immune complex disease also selectively impact the same risk groups. Although, immune complex has been identified at sites of COVID-19 pathology in several publications, a recent study reported the unexpected finding that circulating immune complex (CIC) is not elevated in sera or a good biomarker for COVID-19 pathology.

Association between anti-α-1,4-D-polygalacturonic acid antibodies and Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children

Objective To investigate the relationship between anti-α-1,4-D-polygalacturonic acid (PGA) antibodies, particularly immunoglobulin (Ig)A, and Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) in children. Methods This observational case–control study investigated PGA-IgA, PGA-IgG, and PGA/PGA-IgA circulating immune complex (PGA/PGA-IgA CIC) in paediatric patients with HSP versus controls. Children with HSP were also evaluated for food specific IgG and food intolerance. Between-group differences in anti-PGA antibodies were analysed. Results Serum PGA-IgA and PGA-IgG levels were significantly increased in patients with acute HSP ( n = 251) versus those with urticaria ( n = 48), acute respiratory infections ( n = 95), surgical controls ( n = 53) and neonates ( n = 92). PGA/PGA-IgA CIC levels were also significantly higher in the acute HSP group versus surgical control and neonate groups. Levels of PGA/PGA-IgA CIC and PGA-IgA were significantly correlated ( r = 0.997), and PGA-IgA showed high diagnostic specificity for HSP. No statistically significant differences were observed in PGA-IgA and PGA-IgG between various degrees of food intolerance in children with HSP. Conclusion Increased anti-PGA antibodies, particularly PGA-IgA and PGA/PGA-IgA CIC, were significantly associated with acute HSP in children. Food intolerance was not found to be associated with increased anti-PGA antibodies in children with HSP.

Lupus nephritis: Update on aetiopathogenesis and controversies in classification

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; a chronic autoimmune disease; is characterized by loss of tolerance against its own antigens and leads to production of autoantibodies and causes formation and deposition of immune complexes in different organs. Recent articles have been trying to unravel the mysteries of SLE. Different theories that have been proposed for the aetiopathogenesis of SLE are a)The circulating immune complex theory, b) The direct binding to endogenous renal antigens theory, and c) binding of antibody to antigens that were previously ‘planted’ into the kidney.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i8.11596 Journal of Pathology of Nepal; Vol.4,No. 8 (2014) 672-676

Circulating Immune Complex Levels are Associated with Disease Severity and Seasonality in Children with Malaria from Mali

Complement receptor one (CR1) is essential for removing circulating immune complexes (CIC), with malaria infection contributing to the formation of large amounts of CIC. We investigated CIC levels in children with malaria, of varying severity and seasonality. Two hundred age and sex-matched severe and mild malaria cases were studied during and after active disease. Pediatric controls had increased CIC levels (mean = 32 μg mEq/mL) compared to adult controls (mean = 26.9 μg mEq/mL). The highest levels of CIC were reported in severe malaria (mean = 39 μg mEq/mL). Higher levels of CIC were recorded in younger children and those with low E-CR1 copy numbers. Our data suggest that low levels of E-CR1 copy numbers, found in children with severe malaria, may adversely affect the ability to remove IC. Furthermore, the high background for circulating immune complex imply that Malian children are under constant assault by other pathogens that evoke a strong immune response.