Applications of Vacuum Measurement Technology in China’s Space Programs

The significance of vacuum measurement technology is increasingly prominent in China’s thriving space industry. Lanzhou Institute of Physics (LIP) has been dedicated to the development of payloads and space-related vacuum technology for decades, and widely participated in China’s space programs. In this paper, we present several payloads carried on satellites, spaceships, and space stations; the methodologies of which covered the fields of total and partial pressure measurement, vacuum and pressure leak detection, and standard gas inlet technology. Then, we introduce the corresponding calibration standards developed in LIP, which guaranteed the detection precision of these payloads. This review also provides some suggestions and expectations for the future development and application of vacuum measurement technology in space exploration.

Design and Validation of Deployable and Lockable Mechanism for Gossamer Spacecraft

This passage introduces the researches of Deployable and Lockable mechanism for a new Gossamer Spacecraft built by space apply which can be locked and deployed by its own. This mechanism integrates deploying and locking. Its advantages are simple and reliable. It is based on a serious project “Platform Technology of Gossamer Spacecraft” from Lanzhou Institute of Physics. This project manufactured a model machine, finished the ground experiment, passed the project check. This passage introduces work theory particularly, builds the dynamics models, analyzes experiment results factors and presents measurement methods. Results show that the mechanism designed can meet the project requirement; it can build the foundation for the super-large Gossamer Spacecraft of China and improve the degree of the Aerospace technology application.

Heteroaromatics: The Zhou/Li Synthesis of Goniomitine

Xin-Yan Wu of East China University of Science and Technology and Jun Yang of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry added (Tetrahedron Lett. 2014, 55, 4071) the Grignard reagent 1 to propargyl alcohol 2 to give an intermediate that could be bory­lated, then coupled under Pd catalysis with an anhydride, leading to the furan 3. Fuwei Li of the Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics constructed (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 5992) the furan 6 by oxidizing the keto ester 4 in the presence of the enamide 5. Yuanhong Liu of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry prepared (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 11596) the pyrrole 9 by reducing the azadiene 7 with the Negishi reagent, then adding the nitrile 8. Yefeng Tang of Tsinghua University found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2014, 55, 6455) that the Rh carbene derived from 11 could be added to an enol silyl ether 10 to give the pyrrole 12. Pazhamalai Anbarasan of the Indian Institute of Technology Madras reported (J. Org. Chem. 2014, 79, 8428) related results. Zheng Huang of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 1390) a connection between substituted piperidines and pyridines by dehydrogenating 13 to 15, with 14 as the acceptor. Joseph P. A. Harrity of the University of Sheffield conceived (Chem. Eur. J. 2014, 20, 12889) the cascade assembly of the pyridine 18 by cycloaddition of 16 with 17 followed by Pd-catalyzed coupling. Teck-Peng Loh of Nanyang Technological University converted (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 3432) the keto ester 19 into the azirine, then eliminated it to form an aza­triene that cyclized to the pyridine 20. En route to a cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, Zhengxu S. Han of Boehringer Ingelheim combined (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 4142) 21 with 22 to give an intermediate that could be oxidized to 23. Magnus Rueping of RWTH Aachen used (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 13264) an Ir photoredox catalyst in conjunction with a Pd catalyst to cyclize the enamine 24 to the indole 25. Yingming Yao and Yingsheng Zhao of Soochow University effected (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 9884) oxidative cyclization of 26 to 27.

C–H Functionalization: The Snyder Synthesis of (+)-Scholarisine A

Thomas R. Hoye of the University of Minnesota devised (Nature 2013, 501, 531) the reagent 2, that cyclized to a benzyne that in turn dehydrogenated the alkane 1 to the alkene 3, and 4. Abigail G. Doyle of Princeton University developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 12990) a reagent combination for the allylic fluorination of a terminal alkene 5 to the branched product 6. Yan Zhang and Jianbo Wang of Peking University oxidized (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 10573) the methyl group of 7 to give the nitrile 8. Hanmin Huang of the Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics found (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 3370) conditions for the carbonylation of the benzylic site of 9, leading to coupling with 10 to form the amide 11. Yu Rao of Tsinghua University effected (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 13606) the direct methoxylation of 12, to give 13. Pd-mediated methoxylation had previously been described (Chem. Sci. 2013, 4, 4187) by Bing-Feng Shi of Zhejiang University. M. Christina White of the University of Illinois, Urbana found (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 14052) that with variant ligands on the Fe catalyst, the oxidation of 14 could be directed selectively to either 15 or 16. C–H bonds can also be converted to C–N bonds. Sukbok Chang of KAIST oxi­dized (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 12861) the unsaturated ester 17 with 18 to form the enamide 18. Gong Chen of Pennsylvania State University cyclized (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 11124) the amide 20 to the γ-lactam 21. Professor Shi reported (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 13588) a related approach to β-lactams. Ethers are easily oxidized. Taking advantage of this, Yun Liang of Hunan Normal University coupled (Synthesis 2013, 45, 3137) the bromoalkyne 23 with tetrahydro­furan 22 to give 24. Guangbin Dong of the University of Texas, Austin devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 17747) a protocol for the β-arylation of ketones, includ­ing the preparation of 27 by the coupling of 25 with 26.

Design, Development and Qualification of High Performance Load Sharing Composite Pressure Vessel for Aircraft Application

Load sharing metal lined composite pressure vessel(COPV) enables significant safety and reliability over those vessels with non-load-sharing metallic or non-metallic liners, The key technical challenge in developing these vessels will be to calculate the optimized liner thickness and liner elastic strain. This paper presents techniques developed at Lanzhou Institute of Physics(LIP) for the design of elastically operating metal liner COPV in terms of NET theory which modified by LIP. Five metal materials are discussed and analytical techniques for determining liner thickness are presented, selection of materials for maximizing performance and minimizing weight is discussed. L490A-COPV development is introduced, performance factor is improved from 23 Km to 29.5Km.

Secular Trends Of Accumulation Rate On Ice Cores From Dunde Ice Cap, China Over The Last 1000 Years

Cooperative research programs were conducted on the Dunde Ice Cap (38°06′N, 96°26′E), China, in 1984, 1986, 1987, by the Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology (LIGG), China and the Byrd Polar Research Center (BPRC), U.S.A. This paper gives the preliminary results of the analysis on accumulation rate of the ice cap over the last 1000 years. Three ice cores were recovered to bedrock from the ice-cap summit (5324 m a.s.l.). Core D-1 (139.8 m long) was divided in the field along the entire length and was shared equally between LIGG and BPRC. Core D-2 (136.6 m long) was returned frozen complete to the LIGG for ice-core measurements. In Core D-3 (138.4 m long) the upper sectors were melted and bottled in the field and the lower sectors were returned frozen to the BPRC, U.S.A. Core D-1 was analyzed in China along the entire length for oxygen isotope, liquid conductivity and pH. A year-by-year dating of the ice cores has been made with Dansgaard-Johnsen’s flow pattern by using the data of surface strain-rate (August 1986 to August 1987) and tritium measurements. The resulting time-scales of the ice cores in Dunde Ice Cap yield an age of 4600 yr B.P. The annual layer thicknesses of core D-1 were measured mainly by δ18O analysis and liquid conductivity. The lower δ18O is generally associated with higher electrical conductivity. Annual layer thickness was converted to accumulation rates and compared with meteorological records from Delingxa Meteorological Station. The mean accumulation rate is 518 mm in ice-equivalent. Particular attention is given to the possible impact of the Little Ice Age. Based on spectral analysis of time series for the accumulation variation with depth, short-term (30, 33 year at 0.01 level) and intermediate-term variation (120 year) were discussed. The ice-core research program has been supported by the Chinese National Foundation of Natural Science under Grant DO125-4860011.

Secular Trends Of Accumulation Rate On Ice Cores From Dunde Ice Cap, China Over The Last 1000 Years

Cooperative research programs were conducted on the Dunde Ice Cap (38°06′N, 96°26′E), China, in 1984, 1986, 1987, by the Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology (LIGG), China and the Byrd Polar Research Center (BPRC), U.S.A. This paper gives the preliminary results of the analysis on accumulation rate of the ice cap over the last 1000 years. Three ice cores were recovered to bedrock from the ice-cap summit (5324 m a.s.l.). Core D-1 (139.8 m long) was divided in the field along the entire length and was shared equally between LIGG and BPRC. Core D-2 (136.6 m long) was returned frozen complete to the LIGG for ice-core measurements. In Core D-3 (138.4 m long) the upper sectors were melted and bottled in the field and the lower sectors were returned frozen to the BPRC, U.S.A. Core D-1 was analyzed in China along the entire length for oxygen isotope, liquid conductivity and pH. A year-by-year dating of the ice cores has been made with Dansgaard-Johnsen’s flow pattern by using the data of surface strain-rate (August 1986 to August 1987) and tritium measurements. The resulting time-scales of the ice cores in Dunde Ice Cap yield an age of 4600 yr B.P. The annual layer thicknesses of core D-1 were measured mainly by δ18O analysis and liquid conductivity. The lower δ18O is generally associated with higher electrical conductivity. Annual layer thickness was converted to accumulation rates and compared with meteorological records from Delingxa Meteorological Station. The mean accumulation rate is 518 mm in ice-equivalent. Particular attention is given to the possible impact of the Little Ice Age. Based on spectral analysis of time series for the accumulation variation with depth, short-term (30, 33 year at 0.01 level) and intermediate-term variation (120 year) were discussed. The ice-core research program has been supported by the Chinese National Foundation of Natural Science under Grant DO125-4860011.