Do Young Children Consider Similarities or Differences When Responding to Referential Questions?

Young children often struggle with referential communications because they fail to compare all valid referents. In two studies, we investigated this comparison process. In Study 1, 4–7 year-olds (N = 114) were asked to categorize pairs of objects according to their similarities or differences, and then identified a unique quality of one of the objects by responding to a referential question. Children found it easier to judge the differences between objects than similarities. Correct judgments of differences predicted accurate identifications. In Study 2, 4–5 year-olds (N = 36) again categorized according to similarities or differences, but this time were asked for verbal explanations of their decisions. Recognition of differences was easier than recognition of similarities. Explanations of errors were either: (a) ambiguous; (b) color error: (c) thematic (creative imaginative explanations). Children offered thematic explanations when they failed to recognize similarities between objects, but not for errors of difference.

Color Sensor Accuracy Index Utilizing Metamer Mismatch Radii

A novel method is described for evaluating the colorimetric accuracy of digital color cameras based on a new measure of the metamer mismatch body (MMB) that is induced by the change from the camera as an ‘observer’ to the human standard observer. In comparison to the majority of existing methods for evaluating colorimetric accuracy, the advantage of using the MMB is that it is based on the theory of metamer mismatching and, therefore, shows how much color error can arise in principle. A new measure of colorimetric accuracy based on the shape of the camera-induced MMB is proposed and tested. MMB shape is measured in terms of the moments of inertia of the MMB treated as a mass of uniform density. Since colorimetric accuracy is independent of any linear transformation of the sensor space, the MMB measure needs to be as well. Normalization by the moments of inertia of the object color solid is introduced to provide this independence.

Neugebauer Models for Color Error Diffusion Halftoning

In this paper, we propose a method for halftoning color images based on an error diffusion technique, a color design criterion and Neugebauer models for expressing colors. For a natural extension of the conventional method for grayscale error diffusion to its color version, we first reformulate grayscale error diffusion with a one-dimensional Neugebauer model. Then we increase the dimension of the model to derive a color error diffusion method based on a three-dimensional Neugebauer model in RGB (red, green and blue) color space. Moreover, we propose a sparse Neugebauer model based on a color design criterion, or the minimal brightness variation criterion (MBVC), from which we derive a sparse Neugebauer model-based error diffusion method. Experimental results show that color halftone images produced by the proposed methods preserve the color contents in original continuous-tone images better than that by conventional color error diffusion methods. We also demonstrate that the proposed sparse method reduce halftone noise better than the state-of-the-art method based on MBVC.

Experimental Study on Food Packaging Decoration Printing Based on Digital Hand-Painted Plate-Making

This paper proposes a method of drawing natural and full of vitality printed original, adopting Sketchpad online painting software to simulate artificial hand-painted, and combines traditional plate-making technique to reappear the decoraton pictures of food packaging.The optimized process parameters are obtained through experiments, in order to provide technicalreference for designing and making new decoration printing products of food packaging based on the digital hand-painted plate-making in quantity. The results show that the optimized process parameters when printing pressure is 2.5kgf/cm2,the angel of scraper is 70° , screen distance is 9mm, mesh count is 200mesh/cm, are more suitable to present decoration effect required by food packaging, and the color error of printing products on the substrate of paper material is minimum. Contrasting the picture decoration effect presented by printing products shows that, the art hand-painted expression of food color, shape and taste based on sketchpad software possesses the advantage in enriching aesthetics of food packaging design and restoring reality of the sale food, The purpose is to help consumers know the food clearly, furthermore improve quality and market competitiveness of food packaging.