PERLUNY A EVALUASI KINERJA PARASITOID PADA HAMA DAUN KELAPA : BRONTISPA LONGISSIMA GESTRO (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) DI KABUPATEN ENDE-FLORES

Brontispa longissima Gestro (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is ones of the most important pest who attack of many family palms in South East Asia. In Indonesia, Brontispa longissima has. becomes a primer pest on coconut. It was Decreasing yield result up to 30 - 40 % returns and 5% of the attacked crops will die. Ones of the failed reason of control action is a low preventive system on every territory entrance, otherwise, coconut was a needful and fast-moving commodity for people and industry. The second reason is secondary commodity assumes and low cropping system caused pest and disease uncontrolled. Three bio-control usages on-field need to monitored caused farmers incapable. The success indicator for parasitoid release was quick and easy to adapt for the parasitoid. It was related " three-generation three years," theory by Ev Clausen, the expert of integrated pest and management control from California says: a) The perfectly of Effective parasitoid/predator always quick and easy to adapt, b) The failed parasitoid/predator to adapt easily and quickly was an ineffective indicator for bio-control, c) Parasitoid release or exotic predator could be stopped for 3 years if no evidence adapt on fields. According to the experts, the key for the success of system controlling above depends on cropping agroecosystem stability.

Diet composition of the invasive cane toad (Chaunus marinus) on Rota, Northern Mariana Islands

The cane or marine toad (Chaunus marinus, formerly Buto marinus) was introduced to the Northern Mariana Islands starting in the 1930s. The effects of this exotic predator on native vertebrates (especially lizards) are largely unknown. We analysed the stomach contents of 336 cane toads collected from the island of Rota, with the goal of estimating the level of toad predation on native vertebrates. Beetles, ants, millipedes, and grasshoppers/crickets comprised the majority of prey classes consumed by toads. The introduced Brahminy blindsnake (Ramphotyphlops braminus; N = 6) and conspecific cane toads (N = 4) were the vertebrates most commonly found in toad stomachs. Skinks (Emoia; N = 2) were the only native vertebrates represented in our sample. The small numbers of nocturnal terrestrial vertebrates native to Rota likely translates to relatively low rates of predation by cane toads on native vertebrates.