Noninflammatory musculoskeletal pain

Noninflammatory musculoskeletal pain is common in children and adolescents, and when persistent or widespread, can have a negative impact on physical and psychological well-being. Diagnostic labels and criteria are not uniform in the current literature, but musculoskeletal pain may present as widespread pain or juvenile fibromyalgia, complex regional pain syndrome, or in association with joint hypermobility. Chronic musculoskeletal pain, irrespective of its trigger, can bring persistent and recurrent distress, disability, and widespread family disruption. Once serious medical causes have been excluded by history, examination, and relevant investigations, the focus should be on rehabilitation. Multidisciplinary team management to facilitate cohesive working and the introduction of psychological and physical therapies can improve outcome. Further research is required to define the role of pharmacological interventions.

Behavioral Change and Family Disruption among Labor Migrants in Nepal

Sociological studies of migration are diverse. The motive for international labor migration includes political, economic, social, and environmental cause. In this regard, this study aims to explore the behavioral change among the labor migrants and the status of family disruption of the Nepalese involved in foreign labor migration. The study has been based on primary source, data collected from interview schedule by fulfilling the validity from the review of literature with the sample from Tribhuvan International Airport, and migrant returnee’s temporary residences such as hotels and guest house on accidental basis. The sample includes 102 respondents. The study concludes that the there is a behavioral change among the family members of the migrant labors. The study further concludes there has not been the family disruption among the family members of the migrant labors.

The Effects of Social Disorganization Mechanisms: Examining the Influence of Community-Level Factors on Recidivism Across Various Correctional Programs

Prior research on various correctional sanctions has sought to explain variation in recidivism. The goal of the current study was to examine whether social disorganization mechanisms, such as residential mobility and family disruption, significantly influenced the recidivism rates of justice-involved individuals supervised under prison diversion programs, traditional community supervision programs, as well as individuals released from prison. Multilevel modeling of justice-involved individuals nested within 25 counties was used to examine the recidivism rates of 2,855 prison diversion cases, 2,278 traditional community supervision cases, and 497 incarceration cases. The results indicated that social disorganization mechanisms, specifically family disruption and residential mobility, significantly influenced the recidivism rates of justice-involved individuals supervised on all three types of correctional sanctions. Therefore, the results indicate that social disorganization mechanisms may partly explain the variation in recidivism rates of justice-involved individuals supervised under various correctional sanctions.

Children of Revolutionaries under Stress: The Case of the Bordeaux Girondins

This article is part of a study of the families of French revolutionaries. Many leading politicians had young children and often suffered disproportionately from family disruption, internal exile, imprisonment or death in the years 1793–95. This sample focuses on families of ten Girondin deputés to the Convention, most of whom were executed during the Terror. Based in the commercial port of Bordeaux, several of these families were linked by marriage or friendship. It considers their survival strategies, networks of support, and the trajectories of certain children. The (controversial) reputation of the Girondins was later defended by some of their descendants resulting in Bordeaux's Monument to them, dating from 1901.

Family Disruption as a New Prospect to Consider in Traumatic Brain Injury

Background: Different types of behavioral changes are seen in head injury patients, and these changes are directly or indirectly related to the daily activities of both patient and the family members. The impact of head injury has affected the relationships in the family and friendship status too. Even it has brought about divorce and other family disruption in the present modern world. This study was designed with the aim of evaluating family disruption in different grades of head injury. Materials and methods: This is a prospective analytical study that included 76 patients with non-probability consecutive sampling conducted at the National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences, Bansbari, Nepal over 6 months duration. All head-injured patients above the age of 16 years were included and patients with Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale of less than 3 at 6 months follow up were excluded. Their age, gender, mode of injury, GCS at presentation were collected. Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale and their family adjustment were evaluated at 6 months. The family adjustment was seen and analyzed from the GOS-E interview questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS v.20. Results: The total number of patients was 76 among which 71% were below 40 years of age and the majority (87%) were males. The commonest mode of injury was a road traffic accident (35, 46%) followed by injury due to fall and physical assault. Of all, 76% (58/76) were mild head injured followed by 15% (11/76) severe head-injured patients. At 6 months, the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (EGOS) of 7 and 8 were obtained in 37% and 43% of the patients respectively. All the family who had severe head-injured patients and about 85% of the family with moderate head-injured patients had a significant degree of family disruption. Also, 8% of families with Mild head-injured patients had some degree of family disruption. Family disruption and its extent of severity were significantly related to the severity of the head injury. Conclusion: Family disruption and extent of disruption/ strain are also strongly associated with the severity of the head injury.

Neuropsychiatrist, 25 years’ experience, USA

This chapter looks at patterns in adolescents with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES). A significant number of the author’s patients with PNES have distinct and extraordinary capabilities or skills. Often, these pastimes or hobbies differ greatly from the typical experiences of most teenagers or adults. Some of them are elite athletes and performing artists. These activities may reflect an advantageous mental state yet they may also explain how non-epileptic events develop. The chapter then considers the phenomenon of “mind over body” as well as “mind over mind” situations. Like the elite athlete, people who have PNES often act in a manner superseding bodily as well as mental signals, though in PNES, one presumes that the source of the challenge is internal stress or anxiety. Sometimes the stresses are extreme, stemming from traumatic experiences or instability related to catastrophic events or family disruption. To function, a virtual wall of separation must be constructed between the individual’s day-to-day mindset and the stressors. Otherwise, the experience of the stressors may be too painful. For an athlete, discomfort and doubt must be separated from physical performance. For a person with PNES, underlying stressors or anxiety must be contained by mental willpower, mind-over-mind power.

REMITTANCES IMPACTS ON SCHOOLING IN JORDAN: ANALYSES WITH RESPECT TO MIGRANT DESTINATION

The two channels that explain how migration of a household member affects human capital formation of those left-behind are income and family disruption effects. In this study, remittances and migration impacts on human capital formation in Jordan is researched with respect to preferred migrant destinations and to the originating governorates of migrants. Jordan’s Labour Market Panel Survey-2010 is used to carry out the analyses. Remittances are found to have a positive impact on “schooling”, and findings do not change significantly across households with respect to the host country. There is no solid evidence of family disruption, except in households where both parents are absent; however, this is limited with those who have chosen Arab countries as the host. Heterogeneity in the education level of migrants from different governorates does not play a significant role that effects a schooling decision, except for Mafraq.