Channels of the glacial river Jökulsá á Breiðamerkursandi

The glacial river Jökulsá á Breiðamerkursandi drains the Jökulsárlón tidal lagoon (27 km2), in Southeast Iceland. Despite being the shortest glacial outlet (0.6 km), it is among the most voluminous rivers in Iceland, with an estimated average drainage of 250–300 m3/s and has doubled its volume at peak runoff. Until a bridge was established, this was one of Iceland’s most infamous river and for travellers, cruising on horseback, the greatest obstacle to cross on the main road. The river began shaping its present channel in the late 19th century but was not permanently settled until the mid-20th century. Before that it used to wander around the fan, occasionally in several branches, or as a single heavy moving water. In this paper we present a map of its known runoffs and channels that were formed in the 19th and 20th centuries. Few channels were digitized from old maps, but several of those were identified and recorded by the late Flosi Björnsson (1906–1993), a farmer from the Kvísker, who guided travellers across the river before the bridge was built. The Breiðamerkurjökull outlet glacier of Vatnajökull, Southeast Iceland, advanced 10–15 km during the Little Ice Age. During the LIA advance the wide fan shaped shore in front of Breiðamerkurjökull gradually extended outward by >1 km, mainly due to sediment deposition by the Jökulsá river and few other temporal glacial river branches. At the turn of the 20th century the outlet glacier started to retreat slowly and in the 1930s terminal lakes were formed. With the formation of the Jökulsárlón tidal lagoon river dumping at the shore terminated and was replaced by a progressive coastal erosion. Currently ca. 0.9 km has eroded off the coast since the 1930s. A 0.65 km wide strip now remains between the coast and Jökulsárlón tidal lagoon, where the Jökulsá river and the remains of its former runway channels are located.

Eldvatn bridge – Iceland´s first network arch bridge

<p>Following an enormous flooding event in the Skaftá glacial river in the south of Iceland in 2015, which severely damaged the existing bridge, a new network arch bridge has been designed, constructed and opened in 2019 to restore a much-needed road connection across the river adjoining the Main Ring Road [1]. The 79 m long bridge, designed by EFLA in cooperation with the Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration, is the first network arch bridge in Iceland.</p><p><br clear="none"/></p>

Effect of River Shell Particles on The Thermal Conductivity and Flexural Strength of The Polyester Resin

In the present research, the effect of micro river shell percentage on thermal conductivity properties and flexural strength of the polyester compound with different Weight amount (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%) to the resin. Glacial river shell particle size was introduced in 8 μm, therefore, The thermal conductivity test and flexural strength were performed on samples. The results indicated river shell percentage decrease the thermal conductivity of a polyester composite with an ideal percentage was 10% and the highest flexural strength weight amount 5wt% of River shell.

Rare Glacial River Drains Potentially Harmful Lakes

Antarctic lakes have contributed to ice shelf breakup in the past, but a glacier in Greenland appears safe from a similar fate, thanks to a river that drains away water.

Map of the terminal moraine of the Werenskioldbreen glacier (South-West Spitsbergen) from 2015

The first direct field measurement of the entire terminal moraine of the Werenskioldbreen glacier on Spitsbergen took place at the end of July and the beginning of August 2015. The results of the measurements were the basis for the development of the large-scale terminal moraine map. The article presents the stages of map creation and editing based on measurement points established by the GNSS method. The map editing required knowledge of the morphologically complex terrain. Key documentation was field notes and documentary photographs, enabling the cartographic interpretation of the varied topographic features of the terrain's surface. Based on the documentation, the water bodies on the moraine were located, the outline of the structure and the boundary points were executed and the latter were excluded from the triangulation process. The glacial river was also excluded from triangulation, which allowed a DTM to be developed. An important step in point cloud mapping was to generate a topologically correct digital elevation model of satisfactory accuracy. On the basis of the DTM, contour lines were generated showing the topographic features of the terrain's surface. The printable resultant map's scale is 1: 5000; it is in the UTM coordinate system, in the 33X zone. Complementing the content of the map, a grid of geographic coordinates, a kilometer grid, and map key descriptions were added.

RIVER ECOLOGICAL STUDY: BUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE FOR VARIETY OF ASSESSMENTS SUCH AS CLIMATE CHANGE IN NEPAL

Climate change is now universally acknowledged to be taking place across the globe. It is generally presumed that the impacts of climate change would be more severe in the country like Nepal due to its location, physiography, poverty and lack of preparedness to cope with the changes. The last reason is mainly associated with knowledge, information and ability to use technologies based on science.The main objective of this research is to analyze and evaluate the effects of climate change by taking fish as an indicator. However, an even more important outcome is to prepare a solid foundation of fish-based information, which could be used in the future as a reference for a variety of purposes including the study of climate change. Two sets of examples, one in the tributaries of a glacial river and another in the tributary of a rain -fed river are compared in terms of fish ecological attributes to test for effects of climate change. In addition to fish-based information, this research also studies physico-chemical parameters and benthic fauna so as to build up an ecological profile of the rivers.