BOVIDS: A deep learning-based software for pose estimation to evaluate nightly behavior and its application to Common Elands (Tragelaphus oryx) in zoos

Only a few studies on the nocturnal behavior of African ungulates exist so far, with mostly small sample sizes. For a comprehensive understanding of nocturnal behavior, this database needs to be expanded. Zoo animals offer a good opportunity to lay the corresponding foundations. The results can provide clues for the study of wild animals and furthermore contribute to a better understanding of animal welfare and better husbandry conditions in zoos. To tackle this open question, we developed a stand-alone open-source software based on deep learning techniques, named BOVIDS (Behavioral Observations by Videos and Images using a Deep-Learning Software). This software is used to identify ungulates in their enclosure and to determine crucial behavioral poses on video material with an accuracy of 99.4%. A case study on 25 Common Elands (Tragelaphus oryx) out of 5 EAZA zoos with a total of 11,411 hours video material out of 822 nights is conducted, yielding the first detailed description of the nightly behavior of Common Elands. Our results indicate that age and sex are influencing factors on the nocturnal activity budget, the length of behavioral phases as well as the number of phases per behavioral state during the night. Finally, the results suggest the existence of species-specific rhythms that open future research directions.

DATA ON NOCTURNAL ACTIVITY OF DAREVSKIA RUDIS (BEDRIAGA, 1886) (SAURIA: LACERTIDAE) IN CENTRAL BLACK SEA REGION, TURKEY

Interactions between the environment and internal regulation drive the biophysiological dynamics of lizards. Although diurnal lizards are usually heliothermic, they can sometimes be active in the absence of sunlight. Here, we report, for the first time, a case of nocturnal behavior (aided by the artificial light) in the spiny-tailed lizard - Darevskia rudis (Bedriaga, 1886) – a species that normally exhibits diurnal activity.

Revision of the genus Shairella Chûjô, 1962 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) from Taiwan, with descriptions of five new species

The brachelytrous galerucine genus Shairella Chûjô is reviewed based on examination of 240 specimens. Five new species are described: S. cheni sp. nov., S. chungi sp. nov., S. guoi sp. nov., S. motienensis sp. nov., and S. tsoui sp. nov. The diversity and distribution of most of Shairella species are reflected on one major host plant - Clinopodium laxiflorum var. taiwanianum. Smaller compound eyes relative to otherwise similar galerucines are characteristic for Shairella and may be related to nocturnal behavior. The occurrence of a subapical white band on the antenna and its possible function is discussed.