Learning by outward and inward internationalization and the outward/inward innovativeness of firms in Poland

Many studies raise the issue of relationships between internationalization and innovativeness, linking them with firms’ international competitiveness. However, very few of these studies focus on the influence of internationalization on innovativeness and regard the multifaceted nature of these two concepts. The study presented in this paper is based on a holistic approach to internationalization and innovativeness. It explores the influence of the outward (e.g. exporting, outward FDI) and inward (e.g. importing, inward FDI) internationalization on the outward (product and marketing) and inward (process and organizational) innovativeness of 274 firms in Poland, adopting formative variables and a correlations analysis. The key contribution of the research is that the outward internationalization is conducive to both the outward and inward innovativeness, while the inward internationalization supports only the inward innovativeness. It shows that learning by outward and inward internationalization supports innovativeness of firms, responsible for their international competitiveness. The findings might be unique for transition and emerging economies characterized with a low degree of internationalization and innovativeness, while the holistic approach is more universal, and might bring interesting results when applied to the research of highly advanced economies.

Creative Design of Decorative Additions in Fashion Design

The decorative additions were a distinctive part and a prominent place in fashion design, which produced variants in the context of the form of supplements, whose parts are associated with the design of the costume. The presence of decorative additions may be excessive and may be taken as a predominant form, depending on the creative level of the designer in relation to the physical composition of the addendum, its type, location and methods of showing it in the fashion design of women. "What is the role of decorative additions and their effectiveness in fashion design? Objective of the research: "Know the creative role of decorations additions by revealing the vocabulary of addition and modalities in the design of women's fashion for the fashion designer (Zuhair Murad). " The theoretical framework included: decorating in fashion design, adding decorating as a creative process.. The research followed the descriptive-analytical approach, and the sample of the research was chosen intentionally, represented at the level of show and methods of creative formation of decorative additions in fashion design. The research reached the most important results such as the applied structural designs within the structure of the costume, using the cuttings, the folds and the collars as an additive associated with the construction of the uniform, emerged as formative variables of the same cloth material. And the simplistic addition showed that decoration retain the base form of the uniform, while the other showed the existence of multiple and complex decorative materials, both showing the correlation of the shape of the content in the costume design.

A MULTI-FRAME OF REFERENCE APPROACH TO LEISURE MOTIVATION

With the increased amount of leisure time and ways to spend it caused by increased automation throughout the society, most individuals must facilitate utilization of their time to satisfy individual needs for proper maintenance of mental health. Therefore, the personality and social psychology of the individual within this setting must be examined critically. Research on this subject has been primarily of a descriptive nature, especially with regard to motivation. Therefore, this study was undertaken to lay a more quantitative framework for future research. A unique feature of this study was that it examined leisure from a multi-frame of reference, so that the changes in motivation and its important formative variables can be isolated with regard to content area and utilized to help individuals clarify their position to satisfy individual needs. The results indicate that emotion and involvement are the common elements that are related to leisure needs, and that the relationships among the interacting elements change as the frame of reference shifts.