‘Neurologie: the doctrine of the nerves’

Chapter 16: ‘Neurologie: the doctrine of the nerves: the brain and nervous stock’ summarizes Willis’s treatises in Cerebri anatome, Nervorumque descriptio et usus (1664), De motu musculari (1670) and De anima brutorum (1672). Willis’s coinage of the term ‘neurologie’, intending this as the doctrine of the nerves based on the anatomy of the cranial nerves rather than the study of diseases affecting the brain and nervous stock, is described. The chapter explains why these treatises are additionally important for assigning function to the cerebrum and cerebellum rather than the ventricles; the concept of cerebral localization; the distinction between voluntary and involuntary, or reflex, movement; Willis’s account of the autonomic nervous system; and his ideas on muscular movement. Apart from these innovative contributions, Willis’s description of the arrangement of blood vessels supplying the brain and spinal cord, for which the book is celebrated, is described. The fifteen engraved plates are included. {148 words}

E-Modul Gerak Refleks Berbasis Pendekatan Kontekstual untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep Siswa SMA

<p><strong>Abstract:</strong><strong> </strong>The purpose of developing e-modules based on this contextual approach is to determine the quality, feasibility, and effectiveness of the developed e-modules. This research uses ADDIE model divided into five stages, analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The results of this study are e-modules based on a contextual approach to the reflex movement, the average overall evaluation criteria are very good, namely media experts by 84%, learning experts by 84%, biology teachers by 69%, small class trials by 80% and large.</p><strong>Abstrak: </strong>Tujuan dari pengembangan <em>e-modul </em>berbasis pendekatan kontekstual ini adalah untuk mengetahui kualitas, kelayakan, dan keefektifan <em>e-modul </em>yang dikembangkan. Penelitian ini menggunakan model ADDIE terbagi lima tahap, yaitu a<em>nalysis, design, development, implementation,</em> dan e<em>valution. </em>Hasil penelitian ini berupa <em>e-modul </em>berbasis pendekatan kontekstual pada sub materi gerak refleks, rata-rata penilaian keseluruhan kriteria sangat baik yaitu ahli media sebesar 84%, ahli pembelajaran sebesar 84%, guru biologi sebesar 69%, uji coba kelas kecil sebesar 80%dan uji coba kelas besar sebanyak 74%. Berdasarkan hasil penilaian tersebut, <em>e-modul</em> berbasis pendekatan kontekstual pada sub materi gerak refleks sangat layak digunakan sebagai media/bahan ajar di sekolah.

Comparison of penetrating and non-penetrating captive bolt in an alternative occipital approach in calves

The objective of this study was to describe the effect of penetrating or non-penetrating captive bolt using an occipital approach in 4–5 month old, Holstein steers weighing between 100–200 kg. Twelve calves were divided into two treatment groups; penetrating captive bolt (PCB; n = 6) and non-penetrating captive bolt (NPCB; n = 6). This sample size was chosen out of convenience and in conjunction with a separate study. Each calf was sedated with xylazine hydrochloride, then a captive-bolt device, outfitted with a standard penetrating bolt or a non-penetrating bolt, was placed flush on the dorsal midline of the cranium at the external occipital protuberance and aimed downward as though to intersect the intermandibular area. Following impact, indicators for loss of consciousness, such as respiration, righting response, corneal reflex, movement and vocalisation were recorded and characterised along with electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram recordings. After a 5-min observation period, all calves were administered potassium chloride. All calves experienced immediate and sustained loss of consciousness. The mean (± SEM) time to cessation of respiration was 60 (± 53.67) and 0 (± 0.0) s for PCB and NPCB, respectively. The mean time to cessation of convulsions was 310.4 (± 79.74) and 180.0 (± 60.24) s, respectively, and the mean number of convulsions was 2.75 (± 1.03) and 2.0 (± 0.837) for PCB and NPCB, respectively. Isoelectric EEG patterns were observed in 3/5 PCB and 3/4 NPCB with mean time to onset of isoelectric pattern in 69.0(± 52.24) and 113.5 (± 56.87) s. Both treatments induced a successful stun, which suggests these techniques are appropriate for humane euthanasia in calves of this age.

Electromyography of the cricoarytenoid unit during supracricoid laryngectomy with a cricohyoidoepiglottopexy procedure

Two patients who received supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy to treat laryngeal cancers, underwent intra-operative electromyography analysis. After the lesion was removed and the electrodes were inserted into the remaining intrinsic laryngeal muscles, the depth of anaesthesia was carefully reduced. Gentle tactile stimulations were applied to the pharynx to trigger the reflex movement of the remaining arytenoids. Recordings were made when reflex movement was achieved.Case one: Electromyography (EMG) of the remaining arytenoid demonstrated clear phase differences indicating reciprocal activities between the adductor group (lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, interarytenoid muscle) and the abductor muscle (posterior cricoarytenoid muscle). Case two: EMG of the remaining arytenoid demonstrated reciprocal activities between the interarytenoid muscle and the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. Activity of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle was not evident because the muscle was excised during removal of the paraglottic space. Mobility of the arytenoid was attributed to interaction between the interarytenoid muscle and posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. Reciprocal interaction between the interarytenoid muscle and posterior cricoarytenoid muscle alone is also capable of maintaining post-operative laryngeal functions after supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy.