Criminal Offences of Turning and Conversion to Roman Catholicism in Dušan’s Code

Dušan’s Code is the most important monument of Serbian medieval law. It contains a large number of provisions relating to Orthodoxy, the church, the clergy and monasticism. The first 38 articles are directly dedicated to the faith and the church. The Code also prescribes various criminal offences against Orthodoxy, and the most numerous are offences of Roman Catholic proselytism. The introductory part of the paper contains a brief analysis of the position of Roman Catholics in medieval Serbia, the relationship between Serbian rulers and popes, and especially emphasizes the role of Roman Catholic propaganda and the conversion of the Orthodox to Roman Catholicism, which was most prevalent during the reign of Tsar Dušan. The subject of the author’s legal-historical analysis is those provisions of Dušan’s Code that incriminate turning and conversion to Roman Catholicism. So far, it has been indisputably established in science that these are Articles 6, 7, 8, 9 and 21. In Article 6, the Code of Emperor Stefan Dušan proclaims: „And concerning the Latin heresy: Christians who have turned to the use of unleavened bread shall return to the Christian observance. If any fail to obey and do not return to Christian Orthodoxy, let them be punished as is written in the Code of the Holy Fathers.” Article 7 provides: „And the Great Church shall appoint head priests in all market towns to reclaim from the Latin heresy those Christians who have turned to the Latin faith, and to give them spiritual instructions, so that each one of them returns to Christianity.” Article 8 punishes the Latin priest: „And if a Latin priest is found to have converted a Christian to the Latin faith, let him be punished according to the Law of the Holy Fathers.” Article 9 prohibits mixed marriage: „And if a half-believer is found to be married to a Christian woman, let him be baptized into Christianity if he desires it. But if he refuses to be baptized, let his wife and children be taken from him, and let a part of his house be allotted to them, and let him be driven forth.” Finally, Article 21 prescribes: „And whoever shall sell a Christian into another and false faith, let him be crippled and his tongue cut out.” In the concluding remarks, the author points out the basic causes of prescribing these crimes, as well as certain historical data on Emperor Stefan Dušan’s anti-Catholic politics.

Perayaan Israel Bagi Ekklesia

God as the Initiator of culture in Israel put celebration to be celebrated by them. The celebration is Passover celebration, unleavened bread, firstfruits, Pentecost, trumpet, atonement, and booths as written in Leviticus 23. In order to understand God's purpose in each of these feasts, one must have the same way of thinking as the Israelites. One form is to celebrate the feasts. But there are groups within Christianity who refuse to celebrate it on the grounds of Paul's direction in Colossians 2:16. Through descriptive qualitative method with a literature study approach, it can be concluded that the current condition of the church only celebrates Passover and Pentecost of the seven Israelite feasts. There are groups who thought that not all the Words are things that the church must do, especially in Leviticus 23. Celebrations based on the Hebrew language mean entering an appointed cycle and time, thus explaining that the church should follow this celebration in order to align with God's cycle and experience God's appointed time. Each of Israel feasts has great significance and is an image that can help believers experience spiritual growth. Church history proves that Israel's celebrations were no longer celebrated not by the decree of the apostles, but as a result of the shift in Constantine's reign in Rome. So, the Israelite Festival should be celebrated and taught its meaning by the church.Tuhan sebagai Penggagas kebudayaan di Israel menaruh perayaan yang harus dirayakan oleh mereka. Perayaan tersebut adalah Paskah, roti tak beragi, buah sulung, pentakosta, terompet, pendamaian, dan pondok daun seperti yang tertulis pada kitab Imamat 23. Agar bisa mengerti maksud Tuhan pada setiap perayaan tersebut pastinya harus memiliki cara berpikir yang sama dengan orang Israel. Salah satu bentuknya adalah merayakan perayaan tersebut. Namun ada kelompok didalam kekristenan yang menolak untuk merayakannya dengan alasan atas arahan Paulus pada Kolose 2:16. Melalui metode kualitatif deskritif dengan pendekatan studi literatur dapat disimpulkan bahwa dapat kondisi gereja saat ini hanya merayakan paskah dan pentakosta dari tujuh perayaan Israel. Adanya kelompok yang beranggapan bahwa tidak semua Firman merupakan hal yang wajib gereja lakukan, khsususnya pada Imamat 23 ini. Perayaan berdasarkan Bahasa Ibrani berarti memasuki siklus dan waktu yang ditetapkan, sehingga menerangkan bahwa gereja seharusnya mengikuti perayaan ini untuk bisa selaras dengan siklus Tuhan dan mengalami waktu yang Tuhan tetapkan. Setiap perayaan Israel memiliki makna yang sangat penting dan merupakan gambaran yang dapat membantu orang percaya untuk mengalami pertumbuhan rohani. Sejarah gereja membuktikan bahwa perayaan Israel tidak dirayakan lagi bukan oleh keputusan rasul-rasul, melainkan diakibatkan pergeseran saat kekuasaan Konstantin di Romawi. Jadi seharusnya Perayaan Israel dirayakan dan diajarkan maknanya oleh gereja.

BIOSAFETY ASSESSMENT OF FLOUR AND YEASTS FOR BAKERY NEEDS ACCORDING TO MICROBIOLOGICAL INDICATORS

The problem of non-compliance with microbiological safety indicators of finished bakery products and flour of different types is formulated. It is noted that the reason for the development of bread disease, which is caused by pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, is poor quality flour. The solution of the problem is offered by use of symbiosis of lactic acid bacteria as a part of leaven which possess antagonistic properties in relation to many activators. According to the results of microbiological research, pathogens of bread disease in wheat, spelled, oat and rye types of flour have been identified.The pathogenic micro­organisms present in the flour lead to accelerated spoilage of bread, reducing its nutritional value and safety in terms of microbiological parameters. It is proposed to test the effectiveness of the use of biotechnological principles, which are based on the antagonistic properties of lactic acid bacteria. To determine the biosafety of the obtained yeast, microbiological studies were performed by seeding yeast samples on elective nutrient media Saburo, Blikfeldt, GMF agar, bifido- and lactoagar. An improved leaven formulation for baking needs with an increased titer of lactic acid bacteria, which have powerful antagonistic powers, has been developed. Experiments have shown the effectiveness of the use of symbiosis of pure cultures of lactic acid bacteria in the composition of leavens to suppress diseases of bread, namely pathogens – Aspergillus niger, Mycormucedoand Bacillus subtilis. The use of unleavened leavens with a high content of pure cultures of lactic acid bacteria in the practice of baking unleavened bread based on gluten-free types of flour contributes to the expansion of the range of functional bakery products.

The Byzantine Background

Chapter 4 examines the surviving nomocanonical manuscripts from the period of Byzantine rule in early medieval southern Italy (tenth–eleventh centuries). Very few manuscripts survive from before the twelfth century, so their content must be reconstructed from later codices. Nonetheless, this chapter argues that enough evidence has been preserved to prove that Byzantine canon law was firmly established in southern Italy from the time of the empire’s ecclesiastical and administrative reorganisations of the ninth and tenth centuries. The chapter shows that, as the Byzantines reconquered territories from the Lombards and established new ecclesiastical centres in Reggio, S. Severina, and Otranto, they introduced the Nomocanon in Fourteen Titles, the Nomocanon in Fifty Titles, and the Synopsis of Canons to serve as legal reference works. It then focuses on the Carbone nomocanon (Vat. gr. 1980–1981), the only complete nomocanon to survive from the era of Byzantine rule, arguing that it was probably produced in the eleventh century for use by a Greek bishop in Lucania. The manuscript’s contents and marginalia indicate that its owner was fully aligned with the legal system of Constantinople and show no influences from neighbouring Latin jurisdictions. Finally, the chapter looks at evidence from the period of Norman conquest in the late eleventh century, revealing how the resulting tensions between Latin and Greek Christians in the region left traces of contemporary Byzantine polemic against the azyma (unleavened bread in the Eucharist) in Calabrian nomocanons of the twelfth century.

The contrast between Jew and Zhou People(周人)

The Spring Festival is one of the most important and traditional Chinese festivals. It has a long history and rich and colorful folk-custom characteristics, such as the family reunion, eating dumplings, setting off firecrackers, pasting the spring couplets, etc. Those characteristics are the reflections of traditional Chinese thinking ways and the thoughts of Confucianism. For Passover, it is like the twin-brother of the Spring Festival. During Passover, the Jewish people gather and commemorate the grace of God and the hardship of the ancestors. Passover opens a door for the further study on the thoughts and culture of the ancient Israelites, and their view on God. Their folk customs including family reunion, brushing the lamb blood on the door frame, eating unleavened bread and bitter herbs, and some other folk events that are similar to those of the Spring Festival. From the paper, we can get a hypothesis that the beast Xi(夕) is Set with Chinese characteristic. By the way, from the paper, we can get a hypothesis that God in Judaism and Shangdi(上帝) and Tian(天) are nearly the same. Besides, we can also get a hypothesis that the Christian notion of a divine right of kings resembles the Mandate of Heaven(天命). By the way, from the paper, we can get a conclusion that Qi(弃) is actually Hemaka. Besides, from the paper, we can say that the origin of the doctrine of the mean may be the scales of justice emblem of the tribe of Dan. Furthermore, most of Q-M242 people in East Asia belong to subclade Q-M120, which distributes most intensively across northern China. The average frequency of Q-M242 in northern China is around 4.5%. However, it decreases to about 2% in southern China. According to the dynastic race theory, the Haplogroup of the elite of the ancient Egypt(especially pharaohs) may be Q. By the way, the highest frequency of Q1b1 in Europe is found among Ashkenazi Jews (5%) and Sephardic Jews (2%), suggesting that Q1b was present in the Levant before the Jewish disapora 2,000 years ago. In fact, Jewish Q1b all belong to the Y2200 subclade, which was formed some 2,600 years ago. So in all, we can get a hypothesis that Zhou People(周人) may be the Tribe of Dan , one of the tribes of Israel.