The studying of Russian phraseological units and paroemias in English speaking audience

A working mechanism during the comparative analysis of phraseological units and paroemias (proverbs and aphorisms) at the classes of Russian as foreign language with English speaking learners is presented in the article. While working in the audience, the attention is being paid to the comparative analysis of phraseological units and paroemias in Russian and foreign students’ native language from a semantical point of view. Such concepts and ideas as family, homeland, work / service / profession, studying, friendship, human flaws and virtues, represented in the proverbs and paroemias, are being analyzed. The similarities and differences in semantic field of phraseological units and paroemias of different cultures’ speakers are found. A parallel attitude to the main categories as family, home and friendship among Russian and English speakers is shown up. During a comparative analysis, it is being observed that in definite cases similar meanings can be expressed by different lexis typical for the concrete nation. Studying of this topic promotes the dialogue of cultures.

On the semantics of metaphor

The article discusses the problem of metaphor from the semantical point of view, at the lexical level. Alter havins explained why do metaphors represent a touch stone of any semantical theory, and after having given a brief survey of possible theoretical solutions of the problem, the author exposes her own view of metaphor based on late Wittgenstein's theory of meaning. On the assumption that there should be no artificial break between semantics and pragmatics the author argues that the same semantical, pragmatical an epistemological principles govern the production and interpretation of literal and metaphorical language. The difference between literal and metaphorical is understood as a token, and not a type difference, depending on what is considered to be the common meaning of a word. Metaphor Is defined as a semantic innovation, nomination, realized by the extension of literal meaning. Arguments for her thesis the author finds in the analysis of the processes of language acquistion.

Logics with Impossibility as the Negation and Regular Extensions of the Deontic Logic D2

In [1] J.-Y. Bèziau formulated a logic called Z. Bèziau’s idea was generalized independently in [6] and [7]. A family of logics to which Z belongs is denoted in [7] by K. In particular; it has been shown in [6] and [7] that there is a correspondence between normal modal logics and logics from the class K. Similar; but only partial results has been obtained also for regular logics (see [8] and [9]). In (Došen; [2]) a logic N has been investigated in the language with negation; implication; conjunction and disjunction by axioms of positive intuitionistic logic; the right-to-left part of the second de Morgan law; and the rules of modus ponens and contraposition. From the semantical point of view the negation used by Došen is the modal operator of impossibility. It is known this operator is a characteristic of the modal interpretation of intuitionistic negation (see [3; p. 300]). In the present paper we consider an extension of N denoted by N+. We will prove that every extension of N+ that is closed under the same rules as N+; corresponds to a regular logic being an extension of the regular deontic logic D21 (see [4] and [13]). The proved correspondence allows to obtain from soundnesscompleteness result for any given regular logic containing D2, similar adequacy theorem for the respective extension of the logic N+.

Fusing Cooperative Technical-Specification Knowledge Components

In this paper, the problem of fusing various logic-based technical specification knowledge components about a same physical device or process is investigated. It is shown that most standard logic approaches to beliefs and knowledge fusion are not relevant in this context since some rules should be merged even in the case of mutually consistent knowledge components. Accordingly, we discuss the various types of formulas that should be merged during a fusion process, in order to avoid necessary conditions for the absence of failure to become sufficient conditions. This transformation is then described formally. It can be performed as an efficient preprocessing step on the knowledge components to be fused. The properties of this transformation schema are then investigated from a semantical point of view. Finally, a series of subsumption tests are proposed, preventing conditions for the absence of failure from being overridden by subsumption.