Modalization of Speech Actions as the Basis of the Metaphoric Transfer (on the Example of German Economic Discourse)

The question of the nature of speech modalization has been repeatedly considered in linguistics from various positions, which is partially reflected in the text of the article. The authors of the publication propose to look at the points of intersection of the process of metaphorization of statements within the framework of one type of discourse with the expression of the author's attitude to and/or assessment of its content. To substantiate the validity of this approach, the authors refer to the methodology of logical analysis of language, the theory of intersubjectivity and the theory of evaluativity, linking cognitive methods of analyzing the process of metaphorization with a broad understanding of the category of modality. This formulation of the problem fits into the modern scientific paradigm of interdisciplinarity and the actualization of interdisciplinary relations, which reflects the relevance of the proposed text. The scientific novelty of the topic is an attempt to determine the correlation of the category of modality in its axiological and ideological aspects with metaphorization as a means of actualizing evaluativity in economic discourse. Commonly, denoting phenomena, processes or results is not limited to their nomination, but the producer of the utterance gives them a modal assessment. The empirical material containing fragments of texts of the German-language mass media on economic topics reflects the validity of the proposed interpretation of the issue, shows the potential relationship of phenomena in the intersection of various connotative meanings of a cognitive metaphor, potentially serving to express the attitude to the proposition of an utterance at the level of intersubjective assessments that create a modal frame of the text. The given examples clearly demonstrate that cognitive metaphors in various forms of their implementation could serve to express ideological modality from the standpoint of intersubjectivity, since the producer of the text relies on the reflection of a fragment of reality in the communicative and cognitive activity of subjects of the national-cultural community of people. The article recognizes a certain ambiguity of the proposed interpretation of the category of modality, which is considered in the traditional grammar as an expression of possibility, ought and desirability, or as a confidence, doubt and assertion that the action is carried out at different time levels using phrases with modal verbs, modal words or adverbs, particles, etc. Thus, the article can be considered as an indirect invitation to a discussion on the issue.

SEPTEM VERBA A CHRISTO W STAROPOLSKICH APOKRYFACH NOWOTESTAMENTALNYCH W PERSPEKTYWIE ŹRÓDŁOZNAWCZEJ I LINGWISTYCZNEJ. CZĘŚĆ DRUGA: JĘZYKOWE UKSZTAŁTOWANIE

This article is the second and the last part of a series dedicated to the characteristics of a description of Christ’s seven words uttered on the cross as accounted in Old Polish biblical and apocryphal narrations. In part one, I focus on the origin of the words, the characteristics of Old Polish texts containing them. I highlight the most important differences in the narration of the specific fragments of Old Polish Passions of Jesus. Part two is entirely dedicated to the language of the fragments of Old Polish texts on Christ’s seven words uttered on the cross (ŻPJK, SCh and RD). First, I present the enumeration schemes in each apocrypha. They are strictly related to the tradition of religious instruction and teaching and are an attempt at sorting out the material. The article presents also the various ways in which Christ’s specific words are called. The regular word-forming structure of the modifiers affects the rhythmic form of the specific fragments of texts. Finally, I show how quotations from Christ were introduced into each apocrypha: how the utterances’ modal frame was shaped and what verbs of speech were used. It turns out that in each historic text, Christ’s words were treated differently: in the SCh, they were described most extensively and in the RD – least extensively but it is the RD where the enumerations are most precise with respect to the syntax, perhaps because the specific parts are at the smallest distance from each other. Christ’s seven words on the cross are least structured in the ŻPJK.

The Specificity of Emotionally Neutral Internet Texts

The article aims to discuss the problem of verbal features distinguishing emotionally neutral texts from emotional ones. Such features are necessary for elaborating a computer classifier designed to assign Internet texts in Russian to different emotional classes of texts including the neutral class. The complex analysis of the notion of neutrality in stylistics, axiology, emotiology and sentiment analysis allowed the author to formulate the preliminary hypothesis that emotionally neutral texts are marked by (1) the absence of obscene words and evaluative adjectives; (2) the non-expression of the modal frame of the utterance, which influences the functioning of xenomarkers (markers of narrative retelling), of deictic words and frequent predicates; (3) the lack of emotional vocabulary. The sources of the data for the study were three subcorpora: a subcorpus of texts from Wikipedia (136,184 tokens)—“neutral texts a priori”; a subcorpus of texts from the Russian social network VKontakte assessed by 2,000 informants as neutral ones—“neutral texts a posteriori” (14,000 tokens), and, finally, 15,000 emotionally loaded fragments of 60 to 80 words (1,092,327 tokens) from VKontakte assessed by the informants as texts manifesting different emotions: from anger to joy. The choice of the two neutral subcorpora was due to the author’s intention to examine the category of neutrality taking under consideration the genre of Internet texts. To learn the features of neutral Internet texts, the author used the methodology of corpus linguistics largely supported by a number of tools offered by the Sketch Engine corpus manager platform. The results partially confirmed the hypothesis and provided new details. Thus, the analysis revealed that the genre of the Internet text plays a crucial role in how the neutrality category manifests in it: for instance, Wikipedia texts have no obscene words, VKontakte texts assessed as neutral have a number of such lexemes. A similar discrepancy between neutral texts of different genres is observed on the grammatical level: for Vkontakte texts the collocation of the Russian verb byt’ [be] and the pronouns of the third person on, ona, oni [he, she, they] is statistically significant, for Wikipedia texts it is not. There are still some features proper to the two subcorpora considered as neutral: the absence of so-called “xenomarkers” and emotional vocabulary (words naming emotions, their manifestations, and typical situations in which people usually feel them); the low frequency, in comparison with emotional texts, of verbs and deictic words indicating time or place. The author has made a conclusion that, in the internet communicative space, the category of neutrality is construed differently than in others spheres of communication. Internet texts are generally so saturated with emotions that, even if in another context a text would be interpreted as an emotional one, in the social network users assess it as a fragment with no emotion. Another significant result is that the author has found a correlation between the type of narrator—narrator-experiencer, narratorobserver and narrator-non observer—and the type of text in terms of the category of neutrality. In further research, this will facilitate the predictability of text class—emotional or neutral.

Profesor Camilleri i pan Caravaggio. Multimodalne studium twórczości i psychozy

Multimodal techniques (meaning the use of narrative modes signalised by various typographies etc.) enable a fuller presentation of Caravaggio’s mental dysfunction (in the novel the focalizing role is performed by, among others, the notes of the painter who is falling into obsession and madness – it is these that form his internal storyworld). Confrontation with the journalistic account, provided by the alter ego of the very author of the novel (so called sylleptic narrator) – that is the second level of narration – constitutes the modal frame for the presentation of the artist’s fate and contributes to showing the mental state of Caravaggio who is obsessed with “black sun” (this obsession might be the source of the chiaroscuro technique), and who sees in hallucinations his own severed head. This way, Camilleri creatively exploits the motif of decapitation, found in Caravaggio’s paintings, following many research studies showing that the heads found in the paintings could have been the painter’s self-portraits and expressions of his expiation. This context is supplemented by reproductions of Caravaggio’s paintings, which are embedded in the narration and “commented upon” in his fictional journal, thus constituting yet another layer registering (and illustrating) what takes place in the artist’s mind.

Correlation of Stiffness and Natural Frequency of Precast Frame System

The main objective of this study was to obtain the correlation between the severity of damage to the stiffness of the frame in the format of its intrinsic dynamic properties, the natural frequency of the structural system at damaged and undamaged state. In this research, a laboratory test was performed on the precast post-tension frame of a similar dimension and strength specification to Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) school buildings. The modal frame is a reduced in scale of 1 to 5 and subjected to cyclic lateral loadings and monitored its frequency through vibration test. The vibration test was performed at each end of the cycle of a lateral pushover test. The vibration data was recorded by accelerometers due to external forced vibration to assess its natural frequency, mode shapes and damping values of the system. This research found that there is a physical tangible relationship between natural frequency changes and stiffness in the frame. The results showed that as the severity of damage increases, the natural frequency of the frame decreases significantly, indicating that softening of the system that lead to a favorable ductility for earthquakes.

Grafted frames and S1 -completeness

A grafted frame is a new kind of frame which combines a modal frame and some relevance frames. A grafted model consists of a grafted frame and a truth-value assignment. In this paper, the grafted frame and the grafted model are constructed and used to show the completeness of S1. The implications of S1-completeness are discussed.A grafted frame does not combine two kinds of frames simply by putting relations defined in the components together. That is, the resulting grafted frame is not in the form of <W,R,R′>, or more generally, in the form of <W, R, R′,R″>,…>, which consists of a non-empty set with several relations defined on it.1 Rather, it resembles the construction of fibering proposed by D. M. Gabbay and M. Finger (see [4] and [3]). On a grafted frame, some modal worlds, which belong to the initial modal frame, are attached by some relevance frames.However, these two semantics have important differences. Consider the combined semantics involving semantics of relevance logic and modal logic. A fibred model and a grafted model proposed in this paper differ in the following respects. First, a fibred model is constructed from a class of modal models and a class of relevance models. A grafted model consists of a grafted frame and a truth-value assignment, where the grafted frame is constructed from a modal frame and some relevance frames, and the assignment is a union of a modal truth-value assignment VM and some relevance truth-value assignments VR. VM (VR) defined in this paper is not the same as the assignment contained in a modal (relevance) model. Second, in a fibred model each relevance world is associated (or fibred) with a modal model and each modal world with a relevance model.2 To be the grafted frame on which a grafted model is based, it is enough to have some modal worlds attached by some relevance frames. Moreover, no relevance world is associated with a modal frame in the grafted frame. Third, fibred models are intended to provide an appropriate semantics to combined logics. Grafted frames and grafted models are inspired to characterize S1, which, containing only one modality □, is not a combined logic. It is shown in this paper that S1 is sort of a meta-logic of the intersection of S0.4 and F, where S0.4, a new system proposed in this paper, is in turn a meta-logic of the relevance logic.