Numerosity Comparison, Estimation and Proportion Estimation Abilities May Predict Numeracy and Cognitive Reflection in Adults

This study explores whether and how different tasks associated with approximate number system (ANS) ability are related to numeracy and cognitive reflection in adults. We conducted an online experiment using a sample of 300 Japanese adults aged 20–39. Participants were given three ANS tasks (numerosity comparison, numerosity estimation, and proportion estimation) as well as Rasch-based numeracy scale and cognitive reflection test, and we tested the correlation among the measures of these tasks. We explored the hypothesis that the typical measures used to gauge ANS ability, numerosity comparison and numerosity estimation may mediate different cognitive mechanisms in adults. We also introduced a task measuring proportion estimation, added because such estimation requires numerosity perception and the ability to map symbolic numerals. Our findings suggest that there is a weak, but significant correlation among the three ANS-related tasks. Moreover, there is a significant relationship between each of these measures and the numeracy and CRT score, suggesting that the ANS-related ability may be associated with higher cognitive abilities such as numeracy and cognitive reflection. In addition, we found that performances on the numerosity and proportion estimation are more clearly related to CRT score than the numerosity comparison task.

Letter Frequency In Indonesian Language Using Proportion Estimation

Cryptanalysis is a process of finding weaknesses in cryptographic algorithms and using these weaknesses to decipher the ciphertext without knowing the secret key. One technique of cryptanalysis is frequency analysis, using the frequency of letters to translate ciphertext to plaintext. Frequency analysis is usually used to test the success of an encryption algorithm. Every language in the world has its own property in letter frequency. This made every language had a different aspect to make sure the algorithm working properly for securing plaintext. This makes it important to know the frequency analysis in Indonesian. The method that was used in this research paper is the proportion estimate to estimate the error from the result and the data we collected is from 10,000 articles that were scrapped from the internet. The result of this paper is the frequency of each letter in the Indonesian language.

DAISM-DNN: Highly accurate cell type proportion estimation with in silico data augmentation and deep neural networks

Understanding the immune-cell abundances of cancer and other disease-related tissues has an important role in guiding cancer treatments. We propose data augmentation through in silico mixing with deep neural networks (DAISM-DNN), where highly accurate and unbiased immune-cell proportion estimation is achieved through DNN with dataset-specific training data created from partial samples from the same batch with ground truth cell proportions. We evaluated the performance of DAISM-DNN on three publicly available real-world datasets and results showed that DAISM-DNN is robust against platform-specific variations among different datasets and outperforms other existing methods by a significant margin on all the datasets evaluated.