Influence of methods of isolation of grafted grape cuttings on biological regularities of growth and development at open stratification

В статье дается сравнительный анализ влияния различных способов защиты места соединения подвоя с привоем от подсыхания на прохождение этапов развития привитых черенков винограда во время стратификации. Установлено содержание влаги в привое, подвое и каллюсной ткани при открытом способе стратификации привитых черенков «на воде». Выявлены общие закономерности изменения содержания влаги в привойной части на разных этапах стратификации. Полная изоляция места соединения подвоя с привоем воском RebwachsPROи белой полиэтиленовой пленкой обеспечивает более высокий выход первосортных привитых черенков в сравнении с частичной изоляцией только места соединения подвоя с привоем пленкой. Установлено, что способ изоляции влияет на развитие привитых черенков во время стратификации. Применение воска RebwachsPRO способствует активному распусканию глазка на привое и росту побегов, а применение белой полиэтиленовой пленки, наоборот, сдерживает эти процессы. The article gives a comparative analysis of the influence of various methods of protection of the junction of rootstock and scion from drying on the development stages of grafts during stratification. The moisture content in the rootstock, in grafted cutting and in the callus tissue with open method of stratification of grafts “on the water” was identified. General patterns of changes in moisture content in the scion area at different stages of stratification were revealed. Isolation of junction with RebwachsPRO® wax and white plastic polythene film provided higher output of first-class grafts compared to the partial isolating with the film of the inoculation junction only. It was found that the isolation method effects the development of grafted cuttings during stratification. The use of RebwachsPRO® wax promoted the active opening of eyes on the scion and growth of shoots, while the use of a white polythene film, on the contrary, restrained these processes.

Validation of sonotubometry in healthy adults

Background: Frequent active opening of the eustachian tube (ET) allows ventilation of the middle ear and equilibration of pressure changes. Active opening is accomplished by the contraction of the paratubal muscles during swallowing. Because a disturbance of the ventilatory function of the ET may contribute to the development of otitis media with effusion, it is important to investigate ET function. Sonotubometry can be used to detect whether the ET can open or not during swallowing acts.Methods: We developed a sonotubometer to test ET ventilatory function in 36 healthy adults. The width of the test signal frequency was between 5500 and 8500 Hz (centre frequency of 7000 Hz) and the loudness was 95 dB. To test reproducibility, testing took place in two sessions of 10 swallowing acts each.Results: Opening of the ET could be registered in 91.6 per cent of the subjects in at least one of the two measurements. The first and the second measurements were highly correlated, with a Spearman's coefficient of 0.907.Conclusion: We confirmed that there is generally a good ventilatory ET function in otologically healthy adults, although, in a few cases, ET opening was not registered. Furthermore, we confirmed that our sonometric test equipment had acceptable reproducibility. Sonotubometry is a promising method for assessing ventilatory ET function. Research is ongoing to test the discriminative power of sonotubometry in children with various otological conditions.