Observing errors in a combination of error and correct models favors observational motor learning

Background Imitative learning is highly effective from infancy to old age; however, little is known about the effects of observing errors during imitative learning. This study aimed to examine how observing errors affected imitative learning performance to maximize its effect. Methods In the pre-training session, participants were instructed to pinch at a target force (8 N) with auditory feedback regarding generated force while they watched videos of someone pinching a sponge at the target force. In the pre-test, participants pinched at the target force and did not view a model or receive auditory feedback. In Experiment 1, in the main training session, participants imitated models while they watched videos of pinching at either the incorrect force (error-mixed condition) or target force (correct condition). Then, the exact force generated was measured without receiving auditory feedback or viewing a model. In Experiment 2, using the same procedures, newly recruited participants watched videos of pinching at incorrect forces (4 and 24 N) as the error condition and the correct force as the correct condition. Results In Experiment 1, the average force was closer to the target force in the error-mixed condition than in the correct condition. In Experiment 2, the average force in the correct condition was closer to the target force than in the error condition. Conclusion Our findings indicated that observing error actions combined with correct actions affected imitation motor learning positively as error actions contained information on things to avoid in the target action. It provides further information to enhance imitative learning in mixed conditions compared to that with correct action alone.

A mean-squared-error condition for weighting ionospheric delays in GNSS baselines

Although ionosphere-weighted GNSS parameter estimation is a popular technique for strengthening estimator performance in the presence of ionospheric delays, no provable rules yet exist that specify the needed weighting in dependence on ionospheric circumstances. The goal of the present contribution is therefore to develop and present the ionospheric conditions that need to be satisfied in order for the ionosphere-weighted solution to be mean squared error (MSE) superior to the ionosphere-float solution. When satisfied, the presented conditions guarantee from an MSE performance view, when (a) the ionosphere-fixed solution can be used, (b) the ionosphere-float solution must be used, or (c) an ionosphere-weighted solution can be used.

Observing Errors in a Combination of Error and Correct Models Favors Observational Motor Learning

Background:Imitative learning is highly effective from infancy to old age, but little is known about the effects of observing errors during imitative learning. This study aims to examine how observing errors affect imitative learning performance, to maximize the effects of imitative learning. Method：In the pre-training session, participants were instructed to pinch at the target force (8 N) with auditory feedback about generated force while watching videos of someone pinching a sponge at the target force. In the pre-test, participants pinched at the target force without viewing a model or receiving auditory feedback. In Experiment 1, in the main training session, participants imitated models while watching videos of pinching at either the incorrect force (error-mixed condition) or the target force (all-correct condition). Then, the exact force they generated in pinching was measured without receiving auditory feedback or viewing a model. In Experiment 2, using the same procedure in the pre-training and pre-test sessions, newly recruited participants watched pinching at incorrect forces (4 and 24 N) as the all-error condition and the correct force as the correct condition. Results: In Experiment 1, the average force was better in the error-mixed condition than in the correct condition. In Experiment 2, the average force in the correct condition was better than that in the error condition.Conclusion: Our findings indicate that observing error actions combined with correct actions affected imitation motor learning positively, because error actions contain what-not-to-do information about the target action, unlike correct actions, which provide more information to enhance imitative learning.

The Error Condition

The possibility of error conditions the possibility of normative principles. I argue that extant interpretations of this condition undermine the possibility of normative principles for our action because they implicitly treat error as a perfection of an action. I then explain how a constitutivist metaphysics of capacities explains why error is an imperfection of an action. Finally, I describe and defend the interpretation of the error condition which follows.

Less is more when rating Extraversion: Behavioral cues and interpersonal perceptions on the platform of Facebook

© 2019, American Psychological Association. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the final, authoritative version of the article. Please do not copy or cite without authors' permission. The final article will be available, upon publication, via its DOI: 10.1037/ppm0000263 We explore how specific behaviors on Facebook inform interpersonal perceptions. We conducted two studies which explored the impact of linguistic (Study 1) and emotional cues (Study 2) on interpersonal perceptions of a fictitious target. In both studies, a between-participants design was used, whereby participants were randomly allocated to one of three cue conditions, and were presented with a Facebook profile which varied in the respective cue usage, and asked to provide personality perceptions. Study 1 conditions varied in linguistic cues (accurate spelling, one error, multiple errors) and Study 2 in emotional cues (no emoji, one happy emoji, multiple happy emoji). Study 1 found linguistic accuracy was related to perceptions of target extraversion. Specifically the target was rated more extraverted in the control condition with no errors relative to a single error condition. Study 2 results suggested that emoji cues did not have any significant impact upon trait perceptions. Taken together, the findings suggest that “less is more” when making judgements specifically for extraversion.

Causal homogenization of metamaterials

We propose a homogenization scheme for metamaterials that utilizes causality to determine their effective parameters. By requiring the Kramers-Kronig causality condition in the homogenization of metamaterials, we show that the effective parameters can be chosen uniquely, in contrast to the conventional parameter retrieval method which has unavoidable phase ambiguity arising from the multivalued logarithm function. We demonstrate that the effective thickness of metamaterials can also be determined to a specific value by saturating the minimum-error condition for the causality restriction. Our causal homogenization provides a robust and accurate characterization method for metamaterials.

From Einstein Theories to Least Action Principle, a Relativistic Error of a Limit Case of Classical Mechanics

The authors prove that the standard least action principle implies a more general form of the same principle by which they can state generalized motion equation including the classical Euler equation as a particular case. This form is based on an observation regarding the last action principle about the limit case in the classical approach using symmetry violations. Furthermore, the well-known first integrals of the classical Euler equations become only approximate first integrals. The authors also prove a generalization of the fundamental lemma of the calculus of variation and they consider the application in electromagnetism. This chapter is an enhanced version of a published work. It proves the existence of particular relativistic error condition in classical mechanics, potentially significant on experiments of light propagation in matters. The work includes a discussion of applications potentially correlated with the found particle motion error condition.

Selecting Statistical Quality Control Procedures for Limiting the Impact of Increases in Analytical Random Error on Patient Safety

BACKGROUND QC planning based on risk management concepts can reduce the probability of harming patients due to an undetected out-of-control error condition. It does this by selecting appropriate QC procedures to decrease the number of erroneous results reported. The selection can be easily made by using published nomograms for simple QC rules when the out-of-control condition results in increased systematic error. However, increases in random error also occur frequently and are difficult to detect, which can result in erroneously reported patient results. METHODS A statistical model was used to construct charts for the 1ks and X/χ2 rules. The charts relate the increase in the number of unacceptable patient results reported due to an increase in random error with the capability of the measurement procedure. They thus allow for QC planning based on the risk of patient harm due to the reporting of erroneous results. RESULTS 1ks Rules are simple, all-around rules. Their ability to deal with increases in within-run imprecision is minimally affected by the possible presence of significant, stable, between-run imprecision. X/χ2 rules perform better when the number of controls analyzed during each QC event is increased to improve QC performance. CONCLUSIONS Using nomograms simplifies the selection of statistical QC procedures to limit the number of erroneous patient results reported due to an increase in analytical random error. The selection largely depends on the presence or absence of stable between-run imprecision.

System Reliability, Trust, and Complacency in Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring

As more sophisticated fetal heart rate monitoring systems are introduced into hospitals, it is important to understand how system reliability affects the potential for complacency in users. The goal of the present study was to examine differences in system reliability on trust and patterns of responding to system alerts tied to simulated fetal heart rate tracings. Three reliability conditions were examined: low reliability, high reliability, and a single error condition. The results showed that participants were more likely to respond appropriately when the system issued correct alerts and less likely to respond appropriately to incorrect alerts. Further, not one participant rejected the incorrect alert in the single error condition. Subjective reports of trust did not differ across reliability conditions. These results confirm the idea that a FHR monitoring system with high levels of reliability can lull operators into a state of complacency where incorrect alerts are more likely to go unnoticed.