Investigating Object Files in Spatial Cueing

In spatial cueing, cues presented at target position (valid condition) can capture visual attention and facilitate responses to the target relative to cues presented away from target position (invalid condition). If cues and targets carry different features, the necessary updating of the object representation from the cue to the target display sometimes counteracts and even reverses facilitation in valid conditions, resulting in an inverted validity effect. Previous studies reached partly divergent conclusions regarding the conditions under which object-file updating occurs, and little is known about the exact nature of the processes involved. Object-file updating has so far been investigated by manipulating cue–target similarities in task-relevant target features, but other features that change between the cue and target displays might also contribute to object-file updating. This study examined the conditions under which object-file updating could counteract validity effects by systematically varying task-relevant (color), response-relevant (identity), and response-irrelevant (orientation) features between cue and target displays. The results illustrate that object-file updating is largely restricted to task-relevant features. In addition, the difficulty of the search task affects the degree to which object-file updating costs interact with spatial cueing.

The influence of display-to-display feature changes on net cueing effects: Evidence for a contribution of object-file updating

In spatial cueing, presenting a peripheral cue at the same position as a to-be-searched-for target (valid condition) facilitates search relative to a cue presented away from the target (invalid condition). It is assumed that this cueing effect reflects spatial attentional capture to the cued position that facilitates search in valid relative to invalid conditions. However, the effect is typically stronger for top-down matching cues that resemble the targets than for non-matching cues that are different from targets. One factor which could contribute to this effect is that in valid non-matching conditions, a cue-to-target colour difference could prompt an object-updating cost of the target that counteracts facilitative influences of attention capture by the valid cues (this has been shown especially in known-singleton search). We tested this prediction by introducing colour changes at target locations in valid and invalid conditions in feature search. This should compensate for selective updating costs in valid conditions and unmask the true capture effect of non-matching cues. In addition, in top-down matching conditions, colour changes at target positions in invalid conditions should increase the cueing effect, now by selective updating costs in addition to capture away from the targets in invalid conditions. Both predictions were borne out by the results, supporting a contribution of object-file updating to net cueing effects. However, we found little evidence for attentional capture by non-matching cues in feature search even when the selective cost by object-file updating in only valid conditions was compensated for.

IMPLEMENTASI METODE MD5 UNTUK MENDETEKSI ORISINALITAS FILE AUDIO

The problem of the originality of the file is about how the file can be maintained its authenticity and ensures that the file has never been changed at all. In this study the object file used is the audio file. The process of manipulating files often occurs during data transmission activities from the sender to the recipient. The solution that can be done to handle the crime of manipulation is to apply a hash type cryptographic technique in which the hash value is encrypted from an audio file that can be used as a keyword to ensure the audio file has never been manipulated or has been manipulated. The hash cryptographic algorithm used is the type of MD5 algorithm. The results obtained from the process of implementing the MD5 algorithm using MATLAB R2010a software and the HASH Pro application are audio file hash codes. Keywords: Implementation, Encryption, Decryption, MD5 Method, Cryptography.

What Is an Object File?

The notion of an object file figures prominently in recent work in philosophy and cognitive science. Object files play a role in theories of singular reference, object individuation, perceptual memory, and the development of cognitive capacities. However, the philosophical literature lacks a detailed, empirically informed theory of object files. In this article, we articulate and defend the multiple-slots view, which specifies both the format and architecture of object files. We argue that object files represent in a non-iconic, propositional format that incorporates discrete symbols for separate features. Moreover, we argue that features of separate categories (such as colour, shape, and orientation) are stored in separate memory slots within an object file. We supplement this view with a computational framework that characterizes how information about objects is stored and retrieved. 1Introduction2Empirical Support for Object Files2.1Object reviewing and multiple-object tracking2.2Visual short-term memory3The Format of Object Files3.1Iconic format3.2Object files and iconic format3.3Object files and propositional format4The Architecture of Object Files: A Multiple-Slots Model4.1Independent memory stores4.2Within-category versus across-category conjunctions in visual short-term memory5Multiple Slots and Indirect Addressing6Conclusion