Acosta López, María del Rosario and Powell Jeffrey, L. eds. Aesthetic Reason and Imaginative Freedom: Friederich Schiller and Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press: suny Press, 2018. 217 pp.

El volumen Aesthetic Reason and Imaginative Freedom: Friederich Schiller and Philosophy continúa un esfuerzo que se viene gestando desde hace más de quince años en el ámbito de la investigación filosófica: restituir la figura de Friedrich Schiller como filósofo.

The Phenomenal Appreciation of Reasons

Huckleberry Finn believes that by helping Miss Watson’s slave Jim escape to freedom, he is doing something wrong. But Huck does it anyway—and many want to give him moral credit for this choice. If Huck is to be worthy of such moral esteem, however, it seems there must be some implicit way of appreciating and responding to considerations as moral reasons that does not involve explicitly believing that those considerations are moral reasons. This chapter argues that an agent like Huck can implicitly appreciate a consideration as a moral reason to φ‎ by presenting it under the light of a particular phenomenologically-mediated mode of presentation: one that presents that consideration via the light of a felt directive force “pointing” towards φ‎-ing—lending weight to it, or soliciting it—in a particular authoritative way. Thus, I suggest, Huck may be understood on analogy with a young jazz piano virtuoso. As she may appreciate that the G-seventh chord having been played just so constitutes an aesthetic reason for her to ease into the C-major-seventh chord just so by virtue of experiencing the former as pointing or directing her to the latter, so also, I propose, Huck may appreciate the considerations speaking in favor of helping Jim as moral reasons to help Jim by virtue of experiencing them as pointing or directing him to help Jim. The chapter also examines and rejects four alternative proposals for how to account for implicit reasons-appreciation: first, a de re account of appreciation and then three additional accounts of appreciation derived from major theories of mental representation (inferentialist, causal tracking, and functionalist theories).

Simple innovative comparison of costs between tied-arch bridge and cable-stayed bridge

The proposed paper compares tied-arch bridge alternatives and cable-stayed bridge alternatives based on needed load-bearing construction material amounts in the superstructure. The comparisons are prepared between four tied arch bridge solutions and four cable-stayed bridge solutions of the same span lengths. The sum of the span lengths is 300 m. The rise of arch as well as the height of pylon and cable arrangements follow optimal dimensions. The theoretic optimum rise of tied-arch for minimum material amount is higher than traditionally used for aesthetic reason. The optimum rise for minimum material amount parabolic arch is shown in the paper. The mathematical solution uses axial force index method presented in the paper. For the tied-arches the span-rise-ration of 3 is used. The hangers of the tied-arches are vertical-The tied-arches are calculated by numeric iteration method in order to get moment-less arch. The arches are designed as constant stress arch. The area and the weight of the cross section follow the compression force in the arch. In addition the self-weight of the suspender cables are included in the calculation. The influence of traffic loads are calculated by using a separate FEM program. It is concluded that tied-arch is a competitive alternative to cable-stayed bridge especially when asymmetric bridge spans are considered.

Getting Practical

While the main argument for the network theory of aesthetic value is that it better explains the facts about aesthetic activity than does aesthetic hedonism, the two theories share some common assumptions. Aesthetic evaluations are mental representations that attribute aesthetic values to items. Aesthetic acts are acts based on aesthetic evaluations. Aesthetic values figure in aesthetic reasons, which are practical reasons. That is, an aesthetic reason lends weight to the proposition that an agent should perform some act—an act of aesthetic appreciation, for example. Hence, one task for a theory of aesthetic value is to state what makes some values aesthetic. A second is to state what makes it the case that an aesthetic property figures in a reason that lends weight to what an agent should do. Aesthetic hedonism and the network theory offer only to explain the practical normativity of aesthetic value.

Infrastructures of Aesthetic Agency

The main argument for the network theory of aesthetic value is that it better explains the facts about aesthetic activity than does its rival, aesthetic hedonism. According to the network theory, an aesthetic value figures in a fact that lends weight to the proposition that it would be an aesthetic achievement for an agent to act. An aesthetic achievement is an act that succeeds out of aesthetic competence, so an agent has aesthetic reason to act just when they have reason to achieve by so acting. Agents with aesthetic reasons to act have reasons to act in coordination with one another when their coordination raises their chances of achieving. In acting, they rely upon and give rise to social formations. Aesthetic agency is scaffolded by aesthetic practices, which are social practices. A contrast is drawn with structuralist social theory.

Penggunaan lensa kontak dan pengaruhnya terhadap dry eyes pada mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Eye is the most vital organ of sight to detect light. Many factors can cause eye disorders, one of them is dry eyes. The causes of dry eyes are: age, sex/gender, contact lens usage, smoking, and air conditioned room. This study aimed to determine the effect of contact lens to dry eyes. This was an observational study with a cross sectional design. Samples were students of Faculty of Economics University of Sam Ratulangi batch 2011-2014. There were 30 respondents who used contact lenses obtained by random sampling. The results showed that there were 28 female respondents and 2 male respondents aged 18- 21 years old. Most of them used contact lenses due to aesthetic reason rather than to substitution of eye glasses. The most common type of contact lens was Rigid Gas Permeable (RGP). Of the 30 respondents, there were 16 students (53.3%) who suffered from dry eyes. The statistical analysis showed a correlation coefficient (r) -0.0612 and a p value 0.000 < α= 0,05. Conclusion: There was a strong correlation between using of contact lens and its influence on the eyes (dry eyes) among students of Faculty of Economics University of Sam Ratulangi.Keywords: contact lenses, dry eyes Abstrak: Mata adalah organ penglihatan yang paling vital untuk mendeteksi cahaya. Banyak faktor yang menyebabkan gangguan pada mata, salah satunya ialah dry eyes (mata kering). Penyebab dry eyes ialah antara lain: usia, jenis kelamin, penggunaan lensa kontak, merokok, dan ruang ber-AC. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan lensa kontak terhadap dry eyes. Jenis penelitian ini observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Responden ialah mahasiswa/i Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Sam Ratulangi angkatan 2011-2014 yang menggunakan lensa kontak dan diambil secara random. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan dari 30 responden pengguna lensa kontak terdapat 28 responden perempuan dan 2 responden laki-laki dengan usia 18 tahun sampai 21 tahun. Alasan penggunaan lensa kontak terbanyak sebagai estetika dan bukan sebagai pengganti kacamata. Jenis kontak lensa yang tersering digunakan ialah Rigid Gas Permeable (RGP). Berdasarkan distribusi frekuensi terlihat bahwa terdapat responden dengan dry eyes sebanyak 16 orang (53,3%). Hasil uji statistik mendapatkan nilai koefisien korelasi (r) sebesar -0,0612 dan nilai p = 0,000 < α 0,05. Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang kuat penggunaan lensa kontak dan pengaruhnya terhadap dry eyes pada mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Kata kunci: lensa kontak, dry eyes