Distribution, Compositional Pattern and Potential to human exposure of PAHs in Water, Amassoma axis, Nun River, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution and contents of sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water from Amassoma axis of the Nun River, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The PAH contaminations in the river water samples was performed using GC-MS method. The results were similar for all of the three sampling stations. Six LMW PAHs: naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene and five HMW PAHs: fluoranthene, pyrene benzo (a)anthracene, chrysene and benzo(a)pyrene were found. The ∑ PAHs concentration ranged from 0.111mg/L to 0.26mg/L. In this study, PAH fingerprint ratios for determining both petrogenic and pyrogenic (pyrolytic) PAH accumulation in the environment and Toxic equivalency factor (TEF) used to estimate relative toxicity of a PAH compared to that of BaP was employed. The Ph/An ratio for water samples were 0.00, 0.33 and 0.00 in three stations, while associated figures for Fl/Py ratio values were 0.67, 0.83 and 0.50 respectively. Pearson correlation matrice analysis reveals a positive correlation between the PAHs; this could indicate a common source for some of the PAHs, however, some were negatively correlated with each other. This behavior could indicate non-point source. A comparative analysis of PAHs concentrations in the water samples with WHO standards revealed that the results obtained in this study were within the permissible levels, however, carcinogen PAHs present in the water of the Amassoma axis, Nun River may pose a threats to human health.

Approaches to Assessment and Hazard Identification of Dioxins

In the Russian practice in the framework of environmental regulation sanitary measurements to assess the toxicity of the objects of the environment, which are based on the determination of standardized components concentrations and comparing them with the limit value, are widely used. But this approach doesn’t allow assessing the degree of biological hazards for organisms. The biotesting method has been considered for assessing the safety of dioxin-like compounds. Dioxins can be formed out of control in the environment. Ultraviolet radiation accelerates the formation of dioxins, as it enhances the ability of a chemical reaction of chlorine. This phenomenon is well known in Russia, where the chlorination is a standard procedure of water treatment and disinfection of drinking water, and control of the content of chlorophenols is an optional procedure. Simulation of the formation of dioxins in the process of chlorination of water, containing phenolic compounds, was carried out. Process of dioxins transformation in living systems to more toxic metabolites has been described. Enzymes that are involved in detoxification of dioxins have been identified. According to the results of bioassay danger of water samples, containing dioxins, is underestimated, since it doesn’t take into account specific features of metabolism of dioxins in living organisms. Under the action of enzymes in the cells the less toxic compounds can be converted into the more toxic in terms of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. The system of determination of the dioxin toxic equivalency factor doesn’t account for it. Thus, during determination of danger of xenobiotics in living organisms we should move away from the determination of acute toxicity and focus on the processes that are started by enzyme systems when a toxicant gets into cells of living organisms.