Detection of Dental Diseases using Classification Algorithms

Dental diseases may be caused if the food taken stays in the corners of the mouth. It is important to analyze the dental images to improve and qualify medical images for correct diagnosis. The teeth abnormalities may fall into different categories such as dental implants, gum diseases, crack, bone grafting, and root canal. This work aims to identify the type of abnormalities using classification algorithms — image Processing Techniques, namely Enhancement, Segmentation, and Classification involved in this process of dental disease detection. Decorrelation Stretch, Wiener Filter, and Contrast Enhancement are some of the enhancement techniques which were used to improve the clarity of a dental image. Edge Detection, Otsu's Threshold, Region-Based Segmentation, and Texture filters are few of the image segmentation techniques. These are used to identify the defected area of an image, and then the type of abnormalities was classified using K-NN and SVM.

Identification of a novel PHEX mutation in a Chinese family with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets using exome sequencing

Familial hypophosphatemic rickets (HR), the most common inherited form of rickets, is a group of inherited renal phosphate wasting disorders characterized by growth retardation, rickets with bone deformities, osteomalacia, poor dental development, and hypophosphatemia. The purpose of this study was to identify the genetic defect responsible for familial HR in a four-generation Chinese Han pedigree by exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing. Clinical features include skeletal deformities, teeth abnormalities, hearing impairments and variable serum phosphate level in patients of this family. A novel deletion mutation, c.1553delT (p.F518Sfs*4), was identified in the X-linked phosphate regulating endopeptidase homolog gene (PHEX). The mutation is predicted to result in prematurely truncated and loss-of-function PHEX protein. Our data suggest that exome sequencing is a powerful tool to discover mutation(s) in HR, a disorder with genetic and clinical heterogeneity. The findings may also provide new insights into the cause and diagnosis of HR, and have implications for genetic counseling and clinical management.

GAMBARAN MALOKLUSI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN HMAR PADA PASIEN DI RUMAH SAKIT GIGI DAN MULUT UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI MANADO

Malocclusions is a form of occlusions that deviates from the standard form which is accepted as a normal form and in Indonesia, the prevelence is still high enough. One of the ways to identify and assess the severity of malocclusions is using the Handicapping Malocclusion Assessment Record Index (HMAR). This study aims to describe the malocclusions patients of RSGM Unsrat using the HMAR index. This is a descriptive study conducted at the RSGM Unsrat Manado. Research subjects which totaled 34 patient study models. Malocclusions assessment obtained by examination of the study sample according to HMAR index include the tooth defect in one jaw, the second jaw teeth abnormalities relationship in a state of occlusions, and dentofasial defect. Result of research on the teeth in one jaw irregularities showed the highest percentage of tooth loss. Abnormal jaw relations in a state of second gear in the region of the anterior occlusion showed the highest percentage in the form of excessive biting distance and in the posterior region of highest form of canines more distally. Dentofacial abnormalities showed the highest percentage in the form of palatal bite. Research malocclusions severity based on HMAR index showed the highest percentage of severe malocclusions are in need of care.Keywords: Malocclusions, Handicapping Malocclusion Assessment Record Index Abstrak: Maloklusi adalah suatu bentuk oklusi yang menyimpang dari bentuk standar yang diterima sebagai bentuk normal dan di Indonesia prevalensinya masih cukup tinggi. Salah satu cara mengidentifikasi maloklusi dan menilai keparahan maloklusi tersebut menggunakan Indeks Handiccaping Assessment Record (HMAR). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran maloklusi pasien RSGM Unsrat menggunakan Indeks HMAR. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dan dilakukan di RSGM Unsrat Manado. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 34 model studi pasien. Penilaian maloklusi diperoleh dengan pemeriksaan pada sampel penelitian berdasarkan indeks HMAR meliputi penyimpangan gigi dalam satu rahang, kelainan hubungan gigi kedua rahang dalam keadaan oklusi, dan kelainan dentofasial. Hasil penelitian pada penyimpangan gigi dalam satu rahang menunjukkan persentase tertinggi pada kehilangan gigi. Kelainan hubungan gigi kedua rahang dalam keadaan oklusi menunjukkan di regio anterior persentase tertinggi berupa jarak gigit berlebih dan diregio posterior tertinggi berupa gigi kaninus lebih ke distal. Kelainan dentofasial menunjukkan persentase tertinggi berupa palatal bite. Hasil penelitian tingkat keparahan maloklusi berdasarkan indeks HMAR menunjukkan persentase tertinggi pada maloklusi berat sangat memerlukan perawatan. Kata kunci: Maloklusi, Indeks Handicapping Malocclusion Assessment Record

Missense mutation T485S alters NBCe1-A electrogenicity causing proximal renal tubular acidosis

Mutations in SLC4A4, the gene encoding the electrogenic Na+-HCO3− cotransporter NBCe1, cause severe proximal renal tubular acidosis (pRTA), growth retardation, decreased IQ, and eye and teeth abnormalities. Among the known NBCe1 mutations, the disease-causing mechanism of the T485S (NBCe1-A numbering) mutation is intriguing because the substituted amino acid, serine, is structurally and chemically similar to threonine. In this study, we performed intracellular pH and whole cell patch-clamp measurements to investigate the base transport and electrogenic properties of NBCe1-A-T485S in mammalian HEK 293 cells. Our results demonstrated that Ser substitution of Thr485 decreased base transport by ∼50%, and importantly, converted NBCe1-A from an electrogenic to an electroneutral transporter. Aqueous accessibility analysis using sulfhydryl reactive reagents indicated that Thr485 likely resides in an NBCe1-A ion interaction site. This critical location is also supported by the finding that G486R (a pRTA causing mutation) alters the position of Thr485 in NBCe1-A thereby impairing its transport function. By using NO3− as a surrogate ion for CO32−, our result indicated that NBCe1-A mediates electrogenic Na+-CO32− cotransport when functioning with a 1:2 charge transport stoichiometry. In contrast, electroneutral NBCe1-T485S is unable to transport NO3−, compatible with the hypothesis that it mediates Na+-HCO3− cotransport. In patients, NBCe1-A-T485S is predicted to transport Na+-HCO3− in the reverse direction from blood into proximal tubule cells thereby impairing transepithelial HCO3− absorption, possibly representing a new pathogenic mechanism for generating human pRTA.