Comparison of Tooth Shade Colour Recorded Using Digital Single Lens Reflex Camera and Mobile Cameras with Manually Adjusted Parameters

BACKGROUND Visual selection by using shade guides is the most common but also the most subjective technique, influenced by factors such as the age of the observer and eye fatigue. Digital imaging provides a practical and consistent method of determining tooth colour. A suitable alternative for DSLR cameras may be a mobile phone camera. Recent smart phones have manual control which helps to manually adjust parameters. Female patients usually use lipstick, which may alter the tooth colour perception, but there is no clinical evidence showing the effect of lipstick on tooth shade. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of using phone camera and the effect of lipstick on the shade of the tooth. METHODS This study was conducted on 11 female individuals within the age of 18 - 25 years. Eight photographs were made of all 11 participants, using 3 different smart phone cameras and Nikon D3400 DSLR camera with twin flash and cross-polaroid filter was used as the control group. The parameters of all the cameras were standardized for every image. All digital photographs were evaluated with a Digital Colour Meter software, which gave the parameters in the RGB colour codes and CIE L, a*b* colour space. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in the L* and R* values between the control and the smartphone camera groups. There was no statistically significant difference in L* and R* values before and after applying lipstick in all the groups. There was no significant difference in L* and R* values in all the groups before and after applying lipstick. CONCLUSIONS Recent smartphone cameras with manually adjusted parameters including unprocessed or RAW images can be used as a reliable tool for shade matching. Shade matching can be done even after applying lipstick, as there was no difference seen in this study. KEY WORDS Esthetics, Shade, Lipstick, Spectophotometer, Shade

Factors Affecting Patient's Satisfaction with the Appearance of Teeth, Gums and Treatments that Improve Aesthetics in Saudi Arabian Sub-Population

BACKGROUND Dental appearance influences the facial aesthetics that includes smile harmony, tooth colour, shape, arrangement and visibility. METHODS The current study aims to identify and evaluate factors affecting patients' satisfaction towards the appearance of teeth & gums; and dental treatments that facilitate facial and dental aesthetics. 300 patients were surveyed with a questionnaire containing close-ended questions on their gender, age, education, tooth appearance, orthodontic and teeth whitening treatments, tooth & gum-related problems and satisfaction levels towards dental and facial aesthetics. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed on the collected data. RESULTS A majority (76 %) of the study population desired to undergo bleaching treatment for teeth whitening. 70 % of the respondents also wish for composites, while only 40 % desired orthodontic appliances. Satisfaction with dental appearance is significantly found to affect facial appearance. Also, similar to dental appearance, there is a statistically significant relation between the desire for tooth bleaching, orthodontic appliance, and composites and satisfaction towards facial appearance. Satisfaction with gingival appearance, tooth-colour, and satisfaction with smile appearance are found to affect the satisfaction towards facial appearance. CONCLUSIONS Tooth colour was observed to be a crucial aspect that affects the overall dental aesthetics and satisfaction levels of the participants. It was realized from this investigation that dental care, better hygiene and treatments for improving dental aesthetics are relevant for patients’ satisfaction regarding overall facial appearance and aesthetics. KEY WORDS Dental Aesthetics, Facial Aesthetics, Orthodontic Treatment, Tooth Whitening

Paediatric dentistry

This chapter introduces the principal aims of treatment in paediatric patients, detailing examination, treatment planning, and prevention. Various approaches to behaviour management are discussed including tell, show, do; behaviour shaping; reinforcement; and desensitization. The emergency management of children with toothache is also discussed alongside developmental abnormalities (including abnormalities of tooth eruption and exfoliation, tooth number, tooth structure, tooth form, and tooth colour) local anaesthesia, and restorative techniques. Injuries to primary teeth and to permanent teeth are discussed. The chapter also provides advice on the management of dental trauma, with information on safeguarding children.

Vital Tooth Bleaching On Fluorosed Teeth-Case Reports

The teeth are an integral part of facial aesthetics and are involved in a complex social, cultural and psychological interaction. Discolouration of tooth is a common aesthetic problem caused by either intrinsic or extrinsic factor. For people with severe discolourations, bleaching can be an important and valuable treatment. In-office bleaching is one of the most requested procedures in many dental offices, a great way to get a fast and immediate change in the colour of their teeth. The normal colour of such a tooth can be restored by decolourizing the stain with a powerful oxidizing agent such as 35% hydrogen peroxide which is directly placed on the labial surfaces of the tooth to be treated.The bleaching agent is commercially available in the form of a gel.These case reports reflect the remarkable change of tooth colour by in-office bleaching. Key Words : Bleaching agents; Fluorosis; Hydrogen peroxide.