Expansion and Reduction of Soft Sets and their Applications in Decision Making

In this study, we first define expansion and reduction of the soft sets that are based on the linguistic modifiers. By using these new notions we then construct a decision making method called soft reduction method, which selects a set of optimum alternatives. We finally present an example which shows that the methods can be successfully applied to many problems containing uncertainties.

Die sprachlichen Realisierungen der "Verstärker" in den Argumentationsprozessen. Kontrastive Analyse der modificateurs surréalisants im Deutschen und im Tschechischen

This article deals with, from a contrasting point of view, the linguistic means that amplify the applicability of the lexical predicate in argumentation processes. The theoretical basis consists of the works of Anscombre and Ducrot, which have treated the specific role of linguistic modifiers in argumentation processes since the 1970s, as well as a comprehensive study by Atayan (2006). Special attention is devoted to the modificateurs surréalisants (M.S.) defined by Negroni (1995). In everyday communicative situations, these modifiers obviously behave differently from modificateurs réalisants (M.R.) and modificateurs déréalisants (M.D.) – the two groups described by Ducrot. First, the composition as a possibility to realise M.S. in German is analysed in connection with the analysis of the Czech prefix pře- in the role of M.S. and further the suffixes -ánsk(ý), -anánsk(ý), -it(ý), -ostn(ý) in the role of M.S., and their equivalents in German are discussed. Lastly, diminuation as a potential means to express M.S. in both languages is presented in more detail. In the comparative analysis of the selected linguistic realisations of this specific group of argumentative modifiers, the samples proposed by Negroni are critically discussed on the one hand, and on the other, the potential of argumentation-oriented analyses for translation science is presented.