Preparation of Pharmaceutical Formula of Rafoxanide and Levamisole 6% Suspension as Pilot Production

A 100 litter of pharmaceutical formula of veterinary drug Rafoxanide and Levamisole with 6% suspension as pilot production was prepared. The formula contains two active ingredients with a broad spectrum anthelmintic activity. Rafoxanide belong belongs to salicylanilide group used for treatment and control of mature and immature liver flukes in cattle, sheep and goats. Levamisole belongs to Bezimidazole compounds and is active against gastrointestinal worms and against lung worms in cattle, sheep and goats. The drug formula is a white color suspension prepared according to scientific literature. Information was collected for all substances in the formulation for active ingredient ingredients and additives. The chemical assay was carried out on the active ingredients and the final formula and the results showed that they conform to the constitutional specifications. The results of the chemical assay of Rafoxanide (102.7%) and levamisole (101%) were found to be within the approved constitutional limits (90-110%) with the adoption of the results of stability study at temperatures (40, 50, 60 °C). The stability of the pharmaceutical formula was observed within the permissible constitutional limits.

Prevalence of lung lesions in slaughtered cattle in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Information obtained from abattoirs on the causes of lung condemnation is important in preventing the spread of zoonotic diseases and for promoting food security. In this study, we assessed the causes of lung condemnation in cattle at three abattoirs represented as ANA, QTA and EBA to evaluate the financial losses associated with lung condemnation. A retrospective study (n = 51 302) involving the use of abattoir slaughter records of 2010–2012 and an active abattoir survey (n = 1374) was conducted from July to December 2013. The retrospective study revealed the main causes of lung condemnation as pneumonia (1.09%, 2.21% and 0.77%), emphysema (1.12%, 1.14% and 1.1.6%) and abscessation (0.71%, 1.06% and 0.77%), from ANA, QTA and EBA, respectively. The combined monetary loss because of lung condemnation during the period 2010 to 2012 was estimated as ZAR 85 158 (USD 7939) for the abattoirs surveyed. Conversely, during the active abattoir survey, agonal emphysema (15%, 15% and 23%) and improper eviscerations with faecal contamination (10%, 38% and 42%) were the major factors that led to lung condemnation at ANA, QTA and EBA, respectively. Other causes of lung condemnations were haemorrhage (10%) for QTA and pleurisy (12%) for EBA. The weight loss of lungs during the active abattoir survey was 6450 kg, while the associated monetary loss was estimated as ZAR 29 025 (USD 2706). This study identified major causes of lung condemnation as pleuritis, improper evisceration, pneumonia, abscesses, haemorrhages and lung worms and their associated monetary losses. The results of this study may be useful as baseline data for future comparison in similar surveys, for tracking of some zoonotic diseases affecting lungs and for further research in the Eastern Cape Province or other provinces of South Africa.

PNEUMONIA VERMINOSA OF WILD BOARS

In our country a certain number of wild boars is controlled and reared on enclosed hunting ground, while a number of free-ranging population is mainly unknown. The control of health status of wild boar population is quite demanding and it is not easy to achieve. Also, often is not possible entirely to perform a complete diagnostic examination in wild boars in each evaluated case. The aim of this research was to evaluate the clinical signs and pathomorphological changes in the suspicious cases on the occurrence of the verminous pneumonia in wild boars. The material for this research included three hunting grounds in Vojvodina, where clinical signs of health disorders and dead of young categories of wild hoags were recorded. The following research methods were applied: epidemiological, clinical and pathological examination of dead wild boars, hystological examination of the lung tissue samples and parasitologial examination. In all examined cases, macropathogical examination revealed changes dominantly in the respiratory tract. By pathohystological and parasitological examination the presence of lung worms in the trachea, bronchi and in posteroventral parts of the diaphragmatic lung lobes were detected (Pneumonia verminosa). In conslusion, the achieved results strongly suggest that Metastrongylus sp. represent economically important helmintosis of wild boars in our climatic conditions. Discovered parasitic infestations in the evaluated wild boars are economically significant because of retardation in the growth and weigh gain, and may be the cause of dead or discarding the meat in the case of cachexia, hydremia.