Improving Oral Intake of Essential Oil Blends Using A Novel Formulation of Biodegradable Chitosan/Lecithin Nanoparticles

A novel, safe and efficient method was developed to encapsulate a blend of essential oils (EOs) into biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs). The biodegradable and biocompatible nanoparticles were made from chitosan (CH) and lecithin (LE) . The quality of the essential oils was verified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The synthesis of nanoparticles included emulsification, followed by sonication, homogenization, and extrusion. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the nanoparticles were spherical in shape with sizes ranging from 25 to 70 nm, while dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed high negative zeta potentials. The stability of the final formula was evaluated in gastric and intestinal fluids. The chitosan/lecithin encapsulated EOs exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against the multi-drug resistant bacteria Salmonella typhi.

The empirical formula for calculating the incident air Kerma in intraoral radiographic imaging

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to determine the empirical formula for calculating the incident air kerma (Ki), used as a patient dose descriptor in the intraoral radiographic imaging. Methods: The data for the formula were collected during the regular annual inspection of intraoral dental X-ray units in 2018, 2019 and early 2020. The measurement data of 50 X-ray units were processed to develop the formula. Exposure factors for imaging molars of the upper jaw of an average patient in a clinical setting were used in the measurement. The formula validity was statistically evaluated using coefficient of correlation, standard error of the fitted function and the mean relative percentage deviation. Results: measurement values of the radiation doses and calculated values obtained by using the final formula showed good agreement - the mean relative percentage deviation values less than ±15%. Conclusions: Although there are differences in X-ray units, voltages, manufacturers and device architectures (single-phase and high-frequency), the measurement data comply well with computed ones in all cases.

Lüscher-corrections for 1-particle form-factors in non-diagonally scattering integrable quantum field theories

In this paper we derive from field theory a Lüscher-formula, which gives the leading exponentially small in volume corrections to the 1-particle form-factors in non-diagonally scattering integrable quantum field theories. Our final formula is expressed in terms of appropriate expressions of 1- and 3-particle form-factors, and can be considered as the generalization of previous results obtained for diagonally scattering bosonic integrable quantum field theories. Since our formulas are also valid for fermions and operators with non-zero Lorentz-spin, we demonstrated our results in the Massive Thirring Model, and checked our formula against 1-loop perturbation theory finding perfect agreement.

MODERN SYSTEMS OF MONITORING THE HUMAN CAPITAL ASSESSMENT LEVEL IN THE HIGH-TECH SECTOR

The article examines and describes the main systems of monitoring the human capital level, under which we represent the leading international organizations (United Nations Development Program, World Bank Analytical Group, World Economic Forum Research Group). The article presents a view on the problems of assessing the level of human capital using the index method of assessment. The purpose of this article is to analyze the systems for monitoring the level of human capital and modernize the index method for assessing the level of human capital, calculated annually by UNDP. As part of the human development index, two new components are proposed that more fully assess the state of the income index — the unemployment index and the wage index. The reason for the change in the calculation method is substantiated, and the final formula for calculating the human development index is derived.

Preparation of Pharmaceutical Formula of Rafoxanide and Levamisole 6% Suspension as Pilot Production

A 100 litter of pharmaceutical formula of veterinary drug Rafoxanide and Levamisole with 6% suspension as pilot production was prepared. The formula contains two active ingredients with a broad spectrum anthelmintic activity. Rafoxanide belong belongs to salicylanilide group used for treatment and control of mature and immature liver flukes in cattle, sheep and goats. Levamisole belongs to Bezimidazole compounds and is active against gastrointestinal worms and against lung worms in cattle, sheep and goats. The drug formula is a white color suspension prepared according to scientific literature. Information was collected for all substances in the formulation for active ingredient ingredients and additives. The chemical assay was carried out on the active ingredients and the final formula and the results showed that they conform to the constitutional specifications. The results of the chemical assay of Rafoxanide (102.7%) and levamisole (101%) were found to be within the approved constitutional limits (90-110%) with the adoption of the results of stability study at temperatures (40, 50, 60 °C). The stability of the pharmaceutical formula was observed within the permissible constitutional limits.

Femoral Torsion in CT: Why We Should Add Some Trigonometry

Purpose: In our department, we routinely perform Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the lower extremity to assess femoral torsion for preoperative planning prior correcting osteotomies. It might be difficult to assess the FA, because on axial images the depicted part of the femoral neck is too short to allow correct alignment of the axis of the femoral neck. Measurements can also be performed on oblique axial images with improvement of depiction of the femoral neck but are smaller than those of measurements on axial images, due to the fact that images depend on rules of trigonometry. The aim is to provide a trigonometrical formula to calculate the value for FA, allowing precise assessment of femoral anteversion on oblique axial images similar to those on axial images. Materials and Methods: Trigonometrical transformation is performed in three steps. Initial measurement of femoral anteversion on oblique images is transformed via a corresponding rectangular triangle from coronal images to calculated femoral anteversion on axial images. Results: The first triangle is labelled with a1, b1, c1 for the sides and alpha1, beta1for the angles. Second and third triangle is labelled correspondingly. Length of both cathetus a1 and b1 are calculated as follows: cathetus a1=sin alpha1*c1 and cathetus b1=cos alpha 1*c1. Cathetus b2 is calculated as follows: b2=cos alpha2*c2. alpha3=tan-1 (a3/b3). Initial calculation of angle alpha3=tan-1 (a3/b3)=tan-1 (a1/b2), with a3=a1=sin alpha1*c1 and b3=b2=cos alpha2*b1*c, with b1=cos alpha1*c1 and b3=cos alpha2*cos alpha1*c1². The final formula is then: alpha3=tan-1 ((sin alpha1*c1)/(cos alpha²*cos alpha1*c12)) = tan-1 ((sin alpha1/(alpha2*cos alpha1*c1)) Conclusion: In this study we can provide a formula: alpha3=tan-1 ((sin alpha1/(cos alpha2*cos alpha1*c1)), which allows to calculate the femoral anteversion for true axial reconstructed images with the increased accuracy of measurements on oblique images and the ability to use the already known reference values from the literature.

Analytical Assessments of Deformations and Natural Frequencies of Transmission Line Supports

The purpose of the study is to derive analytical expressions for estimating the lower vibration frequency of the power line support truss flat models. The forces in the bars of statically determinate structures are determined by the method of cutting out nodes in a program written in the Maple symbolic mathematics language. To find deformations, the Maxwell-Mohr's formula is used under the assumption that all rods are elastic, and that the supports are modeled by rigid rods. It is supposed that the hinges are ideal, and the mass of the structure in the form of point loads is distributed over the truss nodes, and only horizontal load displacements are considered. In comparison with similar problem statements with analytical forms of solution, the present study takes into account the masses at all nodes of the structure. For two-sided estimation of the fundamental frequency, the methods of Dunkerley and Rayleigh are used. The coefficients of the formulas in the solutions obtained for trusses with different numbers of panels form sequences, the common terms of which from the solution of linear recurrent equations give the final formula for the frequency dependence on the number of panels. As a result of the study, formulas for deflection and estimation of the fundamental frequency of truss natural vibration depending on the number of panels and dimensions of the structure have been derived. The obtained formulas can be used in carrying out engineering analyses of power transmission line supports. The formulas for the deflection and frequencies of the studied trusses have a form simple and convenient for use (in particular, for assessing the accuracy of numerical solutions). The frequency obtained by the Rayleigh method is much closer to the fundamental natural frequency than its value estimated using the Dunkerley method.

Infrastructure Support of the Ecotourism Sphere

Introduction. The paper considers the prerequisites for the formation and development of ecotourism, its infrastructure in Ukraine. The object of this study is to study the trends in the formation and development of infrastructure for ecotourism. The authors consider the current trends in the development of the ecotourism sector and its infrastructure, as one of the fundamental dimensions of sustainable development. Purpose. In the review of literature sources the definition of “ecotourism” and “infrastructure” is analyzed, the discussion questions raised by domestic and foreign scientists on the research topic, the experience of solving problematic issues are studied. A critical assessment of the intensification of ecotourism development is given in view of the existing contradictions in the definition of positive and negative factors. Among the research methods the authors used abstract-logical to study the genesis of basic concepts, knowledge of their essence and features; bibliographic for the study and development of scientific sources on the infrastructure of ecotourism, analysis and synthesis to identify cause-and-effect relationships and patterns, correlation for the study of infrastructure of ecotourism and determine the effectiveness. Results. The results of the study, calculated by regression analysis, show that the coefficient of determination R-square indicates a 92% relationship between the studied indicators. The coefficient of variable X1 (0.944) indicates the impact of the costs of tourism entities on the services of third parties used in the production of tourism products within the obtained model on the income from the provision of tourism services with a weight of 0.944. With the help of graphical analysis the final formula of linear regression, R-square, trend equation and efficiency of the studied regions of the country are considered. The growing dynamics of 2017-2019 in the number of tourism entities was noted. Conclusions. The practical significance of this study is that the results of this work can be used as a reference material for students of this topic, including businesses, scientists, educators and other stakeholders. Keywords: ecotourism; infrastructure; regression analysis; efficiency; conceptual approach.

A novel mitral stenosis assessment using projected transmitral gradient improves the diagnostic and prognostic yields of doppler-based gradient

Background Transmitral gradient (TMG) is highly dependent on hemodynamic state, leading to discordance between TMG and mitral valve area (MVA). The effect of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) on TMG among patients with mitral stenosis (MS) is poorly understood. Purposes We aimed to (1) develop a formula for projected TMG (proTMG) for assessment of MS severity under varying hemodynamics; (2) assess the prognostic value of proTMG in patients with MS. Methods All patients evaluated for suspected MS without ≥moderate other valve disorder at our tertiary center between 2001 and 2017 were analyzed. Projected TMG is the expected gradient under normal flow (SV 80–94 ml and HR 60–79 bpm), and was modeled based on the observed impact of HR and SV on TMG by multiple regression analysis. The data were randomly split (2:1) into training and testing sets. The improvement in agreement between MVA and proTMG was evaluated. Composite cardiac events including all-cause death and mitral valve interventions were compared according to TMG grade using TMG and proTMG. Severe and moderate MS were defined as MVA ≤1.5 cm2 and 1.5–2.0 cm2 respectively, by the continuity equation. MVA ≤1.0 cm2 was considered as very severe MS. Results Of 4973 patients with suspected MS (age 73±12 years, 33% male), severe MS was present in 437 (9%, including 98 with very severe MS) and moderate MS in 934 (19%). In 838 patients with normal HR and SV, very severe, severe and moderate MS corresponded to TMG ≥12 mmHg, ≥6 mmHg and 4–6 mmHg, respectively. In the training set (n=3315), the median [interquartile range] of HR and SV were 70 [61–80] bpm and 97 [83–113] mL in men (n=1120), and 72 [63–82] bpm and 84 [71–97] mL in women (n=2195), respectively. The impact of HR and SV on TMG for men and women were 0.07 and 0.08 mmHg per 1 bpm increase in HR (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06–0.07 and 0.07–0.08), and 0.03 and 0.05 mmHg per 1 mL increase in SV (95% CI 0.03–0.03 and 0.04–0.05), respectively. Therefore, the final formula to calculate proTMG was: proTMG=TMG-0.07(HR-70)-0.03(SV-97) in men and proTMG=TMG-0.08(HR-72)-0.05(SV-84) in women. In the testing set (n=1658), the proTMG (kappa=0.63, 95% CI 0.60–0.66) had better agreement with MS severity by MVA than TMG (kappa=0.28, 95% CI 0.24–0.32). To explore the prevalence of patients reclassified using proTMG, in 98 with TMG ≥12 mmHg, proTMG remained ≥6 mmHg. Of 657 with TMG 6–12 mmHg, proTMG remained ≥6 mmHg in 356 (54%), and decreased to <6 mmHg in 301 (46%). In patients with TMG 6–12 mmHg, proTMG ≥6 mmHg was associated with higher probability of cardiac events compared with <6 mmHg during follow-up of 2.8±3.1 years (Figure). Conclusion We propose a novel concept of projected TMG defined as the expected transmitral gradient at normal HR and SV levels. This improved the diagnostic yield of Doppler TMG measurements for MS severity assessment and identified a low-risk subset of patients with elevated TMG due to high HR or SV. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Development and Evaluation of Solvent-Based Cold Patching Asphalt Mixture Based on Multiscale

In order to prepare a kind of high-performance asphalt pavement pit repair material and extend the service life of the road, this paper starts from the microscopic view of the raw materials, uses infrared spectrum, four component analysis method, lying drop method, column wick technology principle, etc. to select the raw materials and determine the initial amount of the cold patching asphalt mixture, and optimizes the formula through the orthogonal test design and adhesion, cohesion, initial stage strength, later strength, residual stability, and other performance indexes, and determines the final formula of cold patching asphalt mixture as follows: the design porosity is 15 ± 0.5%, compatibilizer is 2.5%, linear SBS modifier is 5%, tackifier is 4%, antistripping agent is 3.5%, and the dosage of diluent D should be determined according to the ambient temperature. The results show that the performance of the self-made cold patching asphalt mixture is good verified by adhesion grade, strength, high temperature stability, water stability, and other road performance.