A Novel Dual Output Schmitt Trigger Using Second Generation Current Controlled Conveyor

Schmitt trigger is designed using the single second generation Current Controlled Conveyor. The proposed configuration utilizes single CCCII and only two externally connected resistors and is able to produce dual output square wave signal. The topology has the benefit of having a simple circuit, offering a large bandwidth and improved slew rate. PSPICE simulator using OrCad 16.3 version, 0.35 μm CMOS technology is used to verify the design, hysteresis is determined and compared with the existing methods available in the literature. The proposed configuration is tested using the experimental setup involving CFOA (AD844AN) and OTA (LM13700). The results have been found satisfactory in both simulation and experimental aspect. Montecarlo analysis and orstcase analysis are determined to prove the circuit efficiency in terms of critical parameters such as resistance with a tolerance of 5%. The hysteresis is also determined, that can reduce the effect of noise, able to produce exact square wave at the output. Schmitt trigger circuits find the applications in the field of Bio medical applications, analog signal processing, communication systems, waveform generators, pulse width modulators, multivibrators, flip-flops and in many other amplifier circuits. The basic application of Schmitt trigger is a square wave generator. The proposed topology is the best suited for monolithic IC fabrication.

Realization of Linear and Non-linear circuits with Variable Gain DVCC

The analog circuits are two types; linear and non-linear. The analog circuits are, might be, with or without feedback. In general, linear circuits need negative feedback while negative or positive feedback needed in non-linear circuits. Here, the VG-DVCC is proposed for the realization of linear and non-linear circuits. Basically, this VG-DVCC is a low-gain active network block. Thus, feedback is not needed for the realization of linear circuits whereas non-linear circuits needed feedback. This paper highlights the realization of linear circuits: Instrumentation Amplifiers, Active Filters, and nonlinear circuits: Schmitt Trigger comparator, Square wave generator with variable gain differential voltage current conveyor. The performance is validated by simulation using ADS.

A New Method to Detect Zeolite Breath Sensor Response Based on Low-Power Square-Wave Sources

Low-power A.C. generators of square-wave or sinusoidal signals can be used in combination with impedimetric sensors to detect stimuli on the basis of the voltage drop taking place at the sensor electrodes. When a.c. generators with a power of only a few µ-Watts are used, this approach becomes extremely sensitive. A very low-power generator is the LCD back panel driving signal, which has a flipping polarity with a voltage of 3-5Vpp, depending on the generator model. This type of square-wave generator is contained in many low-cost handheld digital multimeters, and it is used as signal tracer to test, for example, low-frequency amplifiers. As an example, this method has been used to acquire a human breath rate pattern, by using a zeolite-based water sensor. If the generator I-V characteristics has been measured, the achieved breath pattern can be converted from a voltage drop vs. time graph to an impedance or current intensity vs. time graph.

A Proposed Resistance-to-Time Converter with Switching Impulse Calibrators for Application in Resistive Bridge Sensors

This paper presents a simple resistance-to-time converter. It consists of two voltage comparators, a ramp voltage generator, two logic gates and impulse voltage calibrators. A square-wave generator circuit is suggested in this paper. The design is simple and independent of the OPAMP offset issues. The resulting square-wave is rectified to get its DC equivalent and to a triangular output; the two outputs are applied to a comparator for generating a digital output with a duty cycle proportional to a change in resistance upon which is dependent the DC.