A Current Mode Universal Filter and a Single Resistance Controlled Oscillator Employing only Grounded Passive Elements: Applications of VDCC

This research article explores the possible applications of voltage differencing current conveyor (VDCC), as a current mode universal filter and a sinusoidal oscillator. Without the need for an additional active/passive element, a very simple hardware modification makes it a dual-mode quadrature oscillator from the filter configuration. Both the proposed circuit requires only two VDCC and all grounded passive elements, hence a preferable choice for integration. The filter has some desirable features such as availability of all five explicit outputs, independent tunability of filter parameters. Availability of explicit quadrature current outputs, independence in start and frequency of oscillations, makes it a better oscillator design. Apart from prevalent CMOS simulation results, VDCC is also realized and experimentally tested using the off-the-shelf integrated circuit. All the pen and paper analysis such as non-ideal, sensitivity and parasitic analysis supports the design.

Single Event Effect Analysis of SiGe Low Noise Amplifier

This paper analyzes the single event transient (SET) response of low noise amplifier (LNA) designed using SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT). To verify the radiation tolerance of the proposed LNA, a total of four cascode configurations were designed. Comprehensive mixed-mode simulations were performed to evaluate the SET susceptibility of considered LNA cascode configurations, and we have analyzed how the strike parameters affect their output response. In this fact the strike position, linear energy transfer (LET), and track radius, were varied, and the resulting transients were compared for the different LNA configurations. Through this study, the potential capability of the inverse mode SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) in LNA radiation tolerance was confirmed for various strike operating conditions. It has been demonstrated that the single event sensitivity was reduced for LNA employing inverse mode SiGe HBT for strike device. The strike influence on the different LNA configurations response depends on strike LET, where a reduced SET variation is observed for high LET.

Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading in a Micro-grid Using Internet of Things and Blockchain

With advancements in renewable energy techno­logies, consumers are becoming prosumers, and renewable energy resources are being used in distributed networks. In an isolated distributed system, peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is one of the most promising energy management solutions. In this paper, we propose a P2P energy trading method for micro-grids using open resources and technology. The proposed setup comprises an Internet of Things (IoT) server to transfer energy amongst the peers without human intervention, and an Ethereum based private blockchain is suggested for money transfer in the form of cryptocurrency. The IoT server enables the peers to control and monitor self-produced energy. Arduino UNO, ACS 712 hall-effect current sensor, and a relay are the main components used in the hardware setup. The current sensor data is sent in real- time to Arduino for onward communication to the IoT server. A user-friendly interface has been developed on the server to perform various energy trading tasks. Peers have the choice to access the server remotely to perform energy trading tasks. The energy trading events can be shared amongst peers through e-mail notifications. For financial transactions, we utilized Ganache graphical user interface (GUI) a private Ethereum blockchain eliminating the need for financial institutions. The proposed peer-to-peer energy trading model has been successfully tested for energy trading between two peers. This paper provides details of the proposed hardware and software setup and explains how low-cost P2P energy trading can be achieved.

Prediction Model of Soil Electrical Conductivity Based on ELM Optimized by Bald Eagle Search Algorithm

Soil electrical conductivity is one of the indispensable and important parameters in fine agriculture management, and a suitable soil electrical conductivity can promote good plant growth. Prediction model of soil electrical conductivity is constructed to effectively obtain the conductivity values of soil, which can provide a reference basis for irrigation and fertilization management and prediction evaluation in fine agriculture. Prediction model of soil electrical conductivity based on extreme learning machine (ELM) optimized by bald eagle search (BES) algorithm is proposed in this paper. In the prediction model, the input weights and bias values of the ELM network were optimized using the BES algorithm, and the performance of the model was evaluated with parameters such as mean square error (MSE), coefficient of determination (R^2). Also, the correlations of parameters such as soil temperature, moisture content, pH, and water potential in the soil conductivity prediction model were determined using the exploratory data analysis (EDA) and HeatMap heat map tools. Finally, the proposed model was compared with back propagation neural network (BP), radial basis function networks (RBF), support vector machine (SVM), gated recurrent neural network (GRNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), particle swarm algorithm (PSO) optimization ELM, genetic algorithm (GA) optimized ELM prediction model. The experimental results showed that MSE, R^2 of the proposed model are 4.09 and 0.941, which are better than the other models. Also the results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method, which is a feasible prediction method to guide the irrigation and fertilization management in fine agriculture, because of its good prediction effect on soil conductivity.

Dual Notched-Band Crescent Moon Dielectric Resonator Antenna

In this article, a dual-band notched ultra-wideband (UWB) dielectric resonator antenna is proposed. The antenna structure consists of Crescent Moon Dielectric Resonator (CMDR) fed by a stepped microstrip monopole printed antenna, partial ground plane, and an I-shaped stub. The Crescent Moon dielectric resonator is placed on the microstrip monopole printed antenna to achieve wide impedance bandwidth, and the I-shaped stub is utilized to improve impedance bandwidth for the WiMAX band. A comprehensive parametric study is carried out using HFSS software to achieve the optimum antenna performance and optimize the bandwidth of the proposed antenna. The entire band is useful with two filtered bands at 5.5 GHz and 6.8 GHz by the creation of notches. The band’s rejection, WLAN band (5.2–5.7 GHz), and the downlink frequency band of ITU 7 GHz-band for satellite communication (6.5–7.3 GHz) is realized by inserting G-shaped and C-shaped slots in the ground. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed CMDR antenna achieves satisfactory UWB performance, with an impedance bandwidth of around 88.7%, covers the frequency band of 3.2 - 8.3 GHz, excluding a rejection band for the WLAN and ITU 7 GHz band. The CMDR is simulated using HFSS and CST high-frequency simulators.

Energy Optimization in a Multihop Sensor Network for a WBAN Application

Movement and posture change of human body plays a crucial role in energy consumption while data transmission between strategically deployed nodes in wireless body area networks (WBANs). The majority of energy is used in transmission rather than processing of the data. Nodes within body are there for long time and need to be energy efficient so that the network lifetime is increased. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient data transmission for multi-hop network that uses particle swarm optimization (PSO) for optimizing the parameters on which energy consumption relies. An energy efficient data transmission and reception takes place by altering the parameters like node to node distance and packet size of data. The obtained results show a significant reduction of energy consumed by reducing the packet size and keeping the node-to-sink distance a constant value. The total energy consumed per hop per bit length of data packet Emh/L shows 75% optimization. The energy consumed in data transmission per bit length of data E tx /L and the energy consumed for data received per bit length of data packet E rx /L is optimized by approximately 70% and 50% respectively for hope count 2 to 5.

On The Implementation of Densely Packed Decimal Number System Based Adder: Prospects and Challenges

Decimal digit number computation, through bit compression methodology, offers space and time saving, which can be incurred by the Chen-Ho and Densely Packed Decimal (DPD) coding techniques. Such coding techniques have a property of bit compression, like, three decimal digits can be represented by 10 bits instead of 12 bits in binary coded decimal (BCD) format. The compression has been obtained through the elimination of the redundant 0’s from BCD representation. This manuscript reports the pros and cons of the techniques mentioned above. The logic level functionalities have been examined through MATLAB, whereas circuit simulation has been erified through Cadence Spectre. Performance parameters (such as delay, power consumption) have been evaluated through CMOS gpdk45 nm technology. Furthermore, the best design has been chosen from them, and the decimal adder design technique has been incorporated in this paper.

Harmonic Elimination in Uniform Step Nine-Level Inverter Using Differential Evolution: Experimental Validation

This study presents the application of differential evolution algorithm to compute optimal switching angles for a single-phase nine-level inverter to improve the output voltage quality. The topology of the proposed inverter in this article is a simple cascade converter composed of two H-bridge cells with non-equal DC voltage sources in order to generate multiple voltage levels. Selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation strategy is used to improve the generated AC output voltage waveform. The differential evolution optimization algorithm is used to solve non-linear transcendental equations necessary for the (SHPWM). Computational results obtained from computer simulations presented a good agreement with the theoretical predictions. A laboratory prototype based on STM32F407 microcontroller was built in order to validate the simulation results. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed modulation method.