Semantics and syntax of quantitative groups in the german language

The work deals with the groups in which the first noun eine Gruppe has a quantitative meaning (eine Gruppe + Subst.Plural), and the second is a countable noun. The analysis of word combinations consisting of two nouns makes it possible to pose and clarify many questions regarding the interaction of syntax and semantics. The corpus of journalistic texts allowed us to see the quantitative distribution of the models on the basis of which the combinations with the noun Gruppe are organized. The combinations without a definition before the second component were organized according to the following models: eine Gruppe + Subst.Plural (eine Gruppe Menschen); eine Gruppe + von + Subst.Plural (eine Gruppe von Menschen); eine Gruppe + Subst.Adj.Plural / Subst.Part.Plural (eine Gruppe Freiwilliger); eine Gruppe + von + Subst.Adj.Plural / Subst.Part.Plural (eine Gruppe von Freiwilligen); The combinations that have a definition before the second component were organized according to the models: eine Gruppe + Adj. / Part. + Subst.Plural (eine Gruppe fleißiger / fleißige Studenten); eine Gruppe + von + Adj. / Part. + Subst.Plural (eine Gruppe von fleißigen Studenten). In our work, the principles of construction and lexical filling of the quantitative group with the noun Gruppe were shown, the mechanism of their use by native speakers was demonstrated. During the research, the noun was tested for compatibility with the names of different semantic groups. We have identified permanent semantic relationships with other names that enter into characteristic syntactic relationships with it.

The system of verbs of fallıng in Karata

In this paper we describe the verbs of falling in Karata, an Andic (<East Caucasian) language. Our research is based on the dialect of Karata which is spoken in the village of Karata (Akhvakhsky district, Dagestan, Russia). The semantic field of falling includes eight verbs. The verb t’araɬa ‘to fall down’ is the dominant one. It can be used in the majority of situations of falling. The remaining seven verbs are more specialized. They are used in the situations of falling which have special features. The verb karaɬa ‘to topple over’ describes the situation of falling from a vertical position. Some of the verbs can only be combined with special subjects of falling (e.g. only with humans). t’oraɬa ‘to drip’ and ͡tʃʷaχːaɬa ‘to fl ow’ describe the falling of water. The first verbal root, t’oraɬa ‘to drip’, describes the falling of small portions of water (e.g. of water drops). Furthermore, the root of this verb may be (partially) reduplicated: in Karata, (partial) reduplication has the semantics of so-called verbal plurality. The meaning of tʼor~t’-aɬa ‘drip~VPL-INF’ presupposes that there was a number of drips, not only one drip. The second verbal root for the falling of water, ͡tʃʷaχːaɬa ‘to fl ow’, describes the falling of water as a substance (i.e. as a mass noun). tort͡ʃʼːaɬa ‘to crash’ is special in that it implies that the falling occurred with a loud sound. It covers many falling situations, including falling from upside down and falling from vertical position. The verb χːeraɬa ‘to pour’ is used with friable substances (e.g. sand). baχːaɬa ‘to collapse’ describes falling with destruction of the subject of falling. Finally, giraɬa ‘to lay down’ specializes in falling of human subjects from a vertical position. Overall, there are two parameters are crucial for the system of verbs of falling in Karata: (i) a kind of the subject of falling (human vs. non-human, mass noun vs. countable noun) and (ii) a kind of the situation of falling (e.g. falling from a vertical position or falling with destruction of the subject of falling)

The Theory of Humans: Dignity

If you lose a leg, you will feel undignified in public places; that is to say, a body organ is a dignity of humans. If you are penniless, you will feel undignified everywhere; that is to say, money is a dignity of humans as well. Scientifically, therefore, the word ``dignity'' should be a countable noun; you have many concrete dignities, including your body organs, your children, your wealth, your privacy, your image, and so on; in addition, you need to defend these concrete dignities of yours all your life. With this scientific concept of dignity, this paper can smoothly solve a series of hard problems, including (1) how human ancestors stood up from four-legged animals; (2) why humans got dressed; (3) how humans acquired wisdom; (4) why humans commit suicide; and (5) why humans have developed into what you see today.

Evolution of Number Names in Modern Russian

The paper deals with the evolution of morphological forms and syntactic relations of numerals which give names to categories of numbers. The ways of formation of a number name тысяча / tysjatscha and its part-of-speech signs are illustrated with the texts taken from the Russian National Corpus. It's the first systematic description of transition of a noun into a number name regarded as a complex grammatical process – morphological unification of case forms (instrumental case тысячью / tysjatschju); substitution of countable noun government by coordination with it in every indirect case; loss of syntactic forms of gender and number (i.e. their ability to correlate with words in gender and number); loss of morphological forms of the plural number and their substitution by forms of the singular number; formation of compound numerals on the bases of the numeral тысяча / tysjatscha; signs of morphological separation of the number name тысяча / tysjatscha and the name of quantity. The development and grammatical adaptation of тысяча / tysjatscha in the line of numerals is reported to have taken long. The article presents a sequence of obtaining new features of the numerals. Evolution of numerals is presented as a relevant grammatical process that implements synthetic potential of the Russian language grammatical system.

Seminumerals, determiners and nouns in English

A singular countable noun in English normally requires a determiner and they should agree in number. However, there is a type of noun phrase, such as those thousand teachers, which does not conform to this generalisation. As a subtype of singular countable noun, thousand requires a determiner, but the determiner has number agreement with the head noun teachers. The standard HPSG treatment, in which the determiner requirement and the determiner-noun agreement are both represented in the SPR specifications of the head noun, cannot capture this special agreement pattern. Our analysis, in which the determiner requirement and the determiner-noun agreement are dissociated from each other, can provide a straightforward account of the data.

ˋAgreement mismatch' between sort/kind/type and the determiner

A singular countable noun in English normally needs a determiner and they should agree in number. However, there is a type of noun phrase, such as ‘these sort of skills’, which does not conform to this generalisation. As a singular countable common noun, the noun ‘sort’ requires a determiner, but there is an agreement mismat ch here: ‘sort’ is singular but the determiner is plural. Rather, the determiner agrees with the NP after the preposition ‘of’. There are several po ssible analyses that might be proposed, but the best analysis is the one in which ‘sort’ and the preposition ‘of’ are ‘functors’, non-heads selecting heads.

I Comedy: Definitions, Theories, History

Comedy’, from Greek komoidia, is a word with a complex cultural history. Its modern, as opposed to its ancient, use covers all formally marked varieties of performed humour, whether scripted or improvised, group or solo, in any medium: theatre, film, television, radio, stand-up, and various hybrids and mutations of these. It is also, by extension, applied more loosely to novels and other non-performance texts that share recognizable features of plot, theme, or tone with the classical tradition of comic drama; and used more loosely still as a casual synonym for humour’. As a countable noun, however, the word is restricted to works with a narrative line; thus sketch shows, stand-up, and variety acts can be comedy’ but not comedies’.