Constructing scientific culture in the 5G era: Historical lessons from the first discovery of a virus

This article examines how scientists from various periods, countries and disciplines worked together to identify the tobacco mosaic virus, which is a rod-shaped protein–RNA complex. The process by which that came about was one of persistent and reflective collective learning. Examination of this history reveals that under conditions in which repeated experiments were unable to be properly performed, and no adequate queries from within the scientific community or communications among scientists were available, highly uncertain novel phenomena were susceptible to inaccurate interpretations and predictions. In view of that, it is suggested that only by encouraging queries within the scientific community and embracing alternative opinions can differences in scientific understanding be calibrated to increase the number of fundamental scientific and technological innovations. Only by promoting academic democracy and establishing dialogue on the basis of equality can we prevent substantial deviations in scientific understanding, proposed by scientific authorities, from inhibiting scientific development. With respect to China, this article holds that, in the age of the internet and the dawning era of 5G, Chinese scientists ought to recognise and confront the limitations of scientific research, examine the cumulative nature of scientific understanding in a more general way, establish a dialogue mechanism among researchers on the basis of equality, allow for the inherent error-correction mechanism within the scientific community, and actively take part in the construction of scientific culture.

The Role of Government in Promoting Harmonious, Stable and Progressive Industrial Relation in Vietnam

The government is an essential partner in the 3-party mechanism of industrial relations in Vietnam, coordinating and facilitating the effective operation of representative organizations and employers' representative organizations. Simultaneously, through the tripartite dialogue mechanism at national and provincial levels, it promptly resolves recommendations from employers and employees, thereby promoting industrial relation development. However, the current model of government management organization on industrial relation from the central to local levels is not consistent; Government management functions on labor and industrial relations are still dispersed; The force for the government management of labor and industrial relations is still thin, the capacity of the staff has not met the requirements. Therefore, the article describes the role of government in industrial relations in Vietnam, thereby offers some solutions to enhance the role of the government in promoting harmonious industrial relations, stable and progressive in Vietnam

U.S.’ Recognition, Evaluation of U.S. Educational Cooperation and Its Enlightenment to China——Analysis Based on the Survey Reports by U.S.’Policy Elites

Educational cooperation is one of the key factors to embody humanistic exchanges and promote the development of international relations. Through the analysis of four survey reports on China-US educational cooperation, it is found that American policy elites generally attach importance to the distribution of power, the application of law, mutual benefit between the two countries in educational cooperation, and pay attention to the potential motivation and influence of China. China should rationally refer to the views and suggestions, strengthen the effectiveness of dialogue mechanism, enhance the credibility of international discourse, and at the same time encourage the negotiation and governance among cooperative universities, so as to promote the stable and sustainable development of education cooperation.

KONTESTASI UMAT BERAGAMA (Studi Tentang Perdamaian dan Ketegangan Islam-Kristen di Kota Bekasi)

The contestation phenomenon between Muslim and Christian groups in the context of social-religious relation. This relation affects the conflict and also cohesion (peace). The tensity between Muslim and Christian groups that happened at the arena of preaching and strengthening the reliogion teaching namely mission of bible in Christian (evangelism) and also dakwah islamiyah (amar ma’ruf, nahi’ munkar). The tensity did not rise the conflict and violence because of local wisdoms, namely the dialogue mechanism or rembug kampung that met both groups to reconsile. The peace between Muslim and Christian groups is established because the cooperation, undertanding and the experiences of cultural values gave the room to the both groups to build the solidarity, communication or dialogue and cooperation. Cultural velues such as tepo seliro (emphaty), unggah-ungguh (polite and impolite ethics), lung tinulung (helping each other), giving food each other, visiting each other, rembug (musyawarah/discussion), slametan (thanks giving) are able to be understood and actualized to internalize inclusive attitudes to water the harmony between religions adherents. Therefore concludes that culture is the dominant factor in building the peace relation among the different religions groups (Islam and Christian). If the religions groups had applied the velues of local wisdoms, then the gate of religion harmonious is opened largely. Keywords : contestation, Islam, Christian, Peace, conflict

SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL DISCLOSURE AND LEGITIMACY: AN INVESTIGATION OVER THE MAJOR BRAZILIAN BANKS.

<p>This paper analyzes the connection between sustainability and financial performances of the six biggest banks in Brazil. Brazilian banks were analyzed regarding their socio-environmental and economic disclosure. We collected Socio-environmental data from annual reports, available on banks websites and financial data at Economática® database. Although disclosure data are not audited, which represents a limitation, these banks conduct their business in accordance with sustainable development policies and regulations, and publish information about initiatives. Spearman's non-parametric correlation provided a relationship assessment between variables for each bank. Results in this paper mostly showed a positive correlation between socio-environmental responsibility (SER) and financial performances, even considering the impacts of Brazilian crisis. The objective of this voluntary disclosure lays on companies’ legitimacy as a dialogue mechanism with society.</p><p> </p>

Computational Aspects of the Intelligent Tutoring System MetaTutor

We present in this chapter the architecture of the intelligent tutoring system MetaTutor that trains students to use metacognitive strategies while learning about complex science topics. The emphasis of this chapter is on the natural language components. In particular, we present in detail the natural language input assessment component used to detect students’ mental models during prior knowledge activation, a metacognitive strategy, and the micro-dialogue component used during sub-goal generation, another metacognitive strategy in MetaTutor. Sub-goal generation involves sub-goal assessment and feedback provided by the system. For mental model detection from prior knowledge activation paragraphs, we have experimented with three benchmark methods and six machine learning algorithms. Bayes Nets, in combination with a word-weighting method, provided the best accuracy (76.31%) and best human-computer agreement scores (kappa=0.63). For sub-goal assessment and feedback, a taxonomy-driven micro-dialogue mechanism yields very good to excellent human-computer agreement scores for sub-goal assessment (average kappa=0.77).

The Changing Role of Dialogue in the International Relations of Southeast Asia

ASEAN’s dialogue mechanism has been evolving from consensus-seeking to strategic means, to use the Habermas distinction. This consensus norm was maintained during the Cold War because of rapport among ASEAN leaders and the presence of an external threat. However, ASEAN expansion to 10 countries, the emergence of non-traditional threats to security, and democratization have weakened this norm.