Optimising for equity: Sensor coverage, networks and the responsive city

Decisions about sensor placement in cities are inherently complex, balancing structural inequalities with the differential needs of populations, local stakeholder priorities and the technical specificities of the sensors themselves. Rapid developments in urban data collection and Geographic Data Science have the potential to support these decision-making processes, yet even the most cutting-edge algorithms cannot deliver on complete and equitable sensor coverage. Focusing on a case study of air-quality sensors in Newcastle-upon-Tyne (UK), we employ spatial optimisation algorithms as a descriptive tool to illustrate the complex trade-offs that produce sensor networks that miss important groups—even when the explicit coverage goal is one of equity. The problem is not technical; rather it is demographic, structural and financial. Despite the considerable constraints that emerge from our analysis, we argue the data collected via sensor networks is of continued importance when evidencing core urban injustices (e.g., air pollution or climate-related heat). We therefore make the case for a clearer distinction to be made between sensors for monitoring and sensors for surveillance, arguing that a wider presumption of bad intent for all sensors potentially limits the visibility of positive types of sensing. For the purpose of monitoring, we also propose that basic spatial optimisation tools can help to elucidate and remediate spatial injustices in sensor networks.

Virtual Risk Assessment for the Deployment of Autonomous Shuttles

In recent years, trials of autonomous shuttle vehicles have been conducted worldwide. Currently, there exists no generalized process model for deployment and continuous operation of shuttles. Shuttle suppliers use their own developed procedures, making it difficult for the relevant stakeholders (e.g., public authorities) to assess the risk of potential shuttle deployment. The Digibus® Austria flagship project, among other goals, develops an approach for the virtual risk assessment of identified critical spots along proposed shuttle paths. Embedded into the deployment process, this serves as a significant body of evidence for safety assurance in shuttle deployment. Conducted simulation studies optimizing the shuttle’s trajectory for concrete maneuvers, along with derived requirements for the associated virtual environment, are part of the first noteworthy outcomes. Concretely, the developed virtual environment is integrated in the framework used for virtual validation. The framework is then used for a detailed evaluation of a right-turn maneuver, analyzing possible shuttle trajectories. Considerable differences in sensor coverage at the shuttle’s stopping point can be shown. Conclusively, by utilizing the shuttle’s restricted operational domain, the proposed virtual risk assessment is considered the first step toward a general procedure for the safety assurance of automated vehicles.

Coverage Area of a Localization Fixed Sensors Network System with the process of Triangulation

This paper presents a novel work on localization of transmitters using triangulation with sensors at fixed positions. This is achieved when three or more sensors cover the whole area, a factor which enables the system to perform localization via triangulation. The network needs to keep a high detection rate which, in most cases, is achieved by adequate sensor coverage. Various tests using various grids of sensors have been carried out to investigate the way the system operates in different cases using a lot of transmitters. Detection complexity is tackled by finding the optimal detecting sensor radius in order the network to continue operate normally. The coverage quality changes in the area of interest and the network is able to detect new transmitters that might enter it's area. It is also shown that as the number of transmitters increases the network keeps its high performance by using additional groups of sensors in a sub-region area of that of interest. This way, even when the network is saturated by many transmitters in one region, new transmitters can still be detected.

Optimum Sensors Allocation for a Forest Fires Monitoring System

Every year forest fires destroy millions of hectares of land worldwide. Detecting forest fire ignition in the early stages is fundamental to avoid forest fires catastrophes. In this approach, Wireless Sensor Network is explored to develop a monitoring system to send alert to authorities when a fire ignition is detected. The study of sensors allocation is essential in this type of monitoring system since its performance is directly related to the position of the sensors, which also defines the coverage region. In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed to solve the sensor allocation problem. This model considers the sensor coverage limitation, the distance, and the forest density interference in the sensor reach. A Genetic Algorithm is implemented to solve the optimisation model and minimise the forest fire hazard. The results obtained are promising since the algorithm could allocate the sensor avoiding overlaps and minimising the total fire hazard value for both regions considered.

Capturing Glacier-Wide Cryoseismicity With Distributed Acoustic Sensing

<p>Over the past 1-2 decades, seismological measurements have provided new and unique insights into glacier and ice sheet dynamics. At the same time, sensor coverage is typically limited in harsh glacial environments with littile or no access. Turning kilometer-long fiber optic cables placed on the Earth’s surface into thousands of seismic sensors, Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) may overcome the limitation of sensor coverage in the cryosphere.</p><p>First DAS applications on the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and on Alpine glacier ice have highlighted the technique’s superiority. Signals of natural and man-made seismic sources can be resolved with an unrivaled level of detail. This offers glaciologists new perspectives to interpret their seismograms in terms of ice structure, basal boundary conditions and source locations. However, previous studies employed only relatively small network scales with a point-like borehole deployment or < 1 km cable aperture at the ice surface.</p><p>Here we present a DAS installation, which aims to cover the majority of an Alpine glacier catchment: For one month in summer 2020 we deployed a 9 km long fiber optic cable on Rhonegletscher, Switzerland, and gathered continuous DAS data. The cable followed the glacier’s central flow line starting in the lowest kilometer of the ablation zone and extending well into the accumulation area. Even for a relatively small mountain glacier such as Rhonegletscher, cable deployment was a considerable logistical challenge. However, initial data analysis illustrates the benefit compared to conventional cryoseismological instrumentation: DAS measurements capture ground deformation over many octaves, including typical high-frequency englacial sources (10s to 100s of Hz) related to crevasse formation and basal sliding as well as long period signals (10s to 100s of seconds) of ice deformation. Depending on the presence of a snow cover, DAS records contain strong environmental noise (wind, meltwater flow, precipitation) and thus exhibit lower signal-to-noise ratios compared to conventional on-ice seismic installations. This is nevertheless outweighed by the advantage of monitoring ground unrest and ice deformation of nearly an entire glacier. We present a first compilation of signal and noise records and discuss future directions to leverage DAS data sets in glaciological research.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>

PERANCANGAN ALARM ANTI MALING PADA KENDARAAN BERMOTOR DALAM POSISI PARKIR MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR PIR (PASSIVE INFRARED RECEIVER) DAN SENSOR GETAR BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO R3

Abstrak: Masyarakat merasa keamanan saat ini tidaklah kondusif, banyak perampokan dan penodongan terhadap kendaraan bermotor, khususnya di area parkir dan mengakibatkan kerugian materi yang bagi kelas masyarakat tertentu dinilai besar. Semakin meningkatnya kebutuhan masyarakat dalam penggunaan perangkat keamanan pada kendaraan bermotor mereka, terutama untuk sekarang ini belum banyak kendaraan yang di lengkapi sensor keamanan dari pabrikan pembuat kendaraan bermotor. Hal ini mendorong penulis untuk merancang perangkat pengaman pada kendaraan bermotor. Sistem pengaman ini menggunakan mikrokontroler Arduino Uno r3 yang dihubungkan dengan sensor PIR dan sensor SW-420 vibration sensor. Sensor PIR akan mendeteksi adanya pergerakan di sekitar kendaraan bermotor yang menyebabkan adanya perubahan tegangan. Perubahan tegangan dari sensor kemudian akan dijadikan sebagai data input oleh mikro kontroler dan diproses sehingga membuat LCD menyala serta buzzer/alarm berbunyi. Sistem pengaman ini mampu mendeteksi keberadaan manusia yang masuk dalam cakupan/coverage area sensor, maka suhu tubuh yang di pancarkan manusia akan di deteksi dan selanjutnya sensor akan aktif. Sedangkan sensor SW-420 akan mendeteksi getaran yang di timbulkan dari sentuhan atau getaran dari objek(manusia).Kata Kunci : Mikrokontroler, sensor PIR, buzzer, sensor SW-420 vibration.Abstract: The community feels that security at this time is not conducive. Many robberies and robbery of motorized vehicles, especially in the parking area, resulting in material losses, which are considered large for certain classes of society. Increasing needs of the community in the use of security devices on their motor vehicles, especially, for now, not many cars are equipped with safety sensors from manufacturers of motor vehicle manufacturers. This prompted the authors to design safety devices on motor vehicles. This security system uses an ARDUINO UNO R3 microcontroller connected to the PIR sensor and SW-420 vibration sensor. PIR sensor will detect any movement around the motorized vehicle, which causes a change in voltage. The sensor's voltage will then be used as input data by the microcontroller and processed so that the LCD will turn on, and the buzzer/alarm will sound. This safety system can detect humans who fall within the sensor coverage area, then the body temperature emitted by humans will be seen, and the sensor will then be active. In comparison, the SW-420 sensor will detect vibrations caused by touch or vibrations from objects (humans).Keywords: Microcontroller, PIR sensor, buzzer, SW-420 vibration sensor