Spatial variations in the socioeconomic development of rural municipalities in the podkarpackie voivodeship

The main goal of all territorial administration units, including municipalities, is to promote socioeconomic development. The implemented actions address a broad range of economic, social, spatial and environmental issues. Therefore, socioeconomic development is a complex and multi-dimensional concept that is difficult to evaluate in an unambiguous and objective manner. Statistical methods in object-based multidimensional modeling support such evaluations by considering numerous attributes/variables, which increases the efficiency of the analytical process. In this article, Hellwig’s development pattern method was applied to classify rural municipalities in Podkarpackie Voivodeship based on their socioeconomic development. Twenty-seven indicators were designed for the needs of the analysis with the use of Statistics Poland data for 2018. Based on the results, the municipalities were grouped into four classes with different levels of socioeconomic development. Class III was the largest group, and it was composed of 39 municipalities with a medium-low level of socioeconomic development. Class II was composed of a similar number of municipalities (38) with a medium-high level of socioeconomic development. The smallest groups were Class I containing 18 municipalities with a high level of socioeconomic development, and class IV containing 14 municipalities with a low level of development.

H₂SO₄–H₂O binary and H₂SO₄–H₂O–NH₃ ternary homogeneous and ion-mediated nucleation: lookup tables version 1.0 for 3-D modeling application

Formation of new particles in the atmosphere has important implications for air quality and climate. Recently, we have developed a kinetically based H2SO4–H2O–NH3-ion nucleation model which well captures the absolute values of nucleation rates as well as dependencies of nucleation rates on NH3 and H2SO4 concentrations, ionization rates, temperature, and relative humidity observed in the well-controlled Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) measurements. Here we employ the aforementioned recently developed kinetic nucleation model to generate nucleation rate lookup tables for H2SO4–H2O binary homogenous nucleation (BHN), H2SO4–H2O–NH3 ternary homogeneous nucleation (THN), H2SO4–H2O-ion binary ion-mediated nucleation (BIMN), and H2SO4–H2O–NH3-ion ternary ion-mediated nucleation (TIMN). A comparison of nucleation rates calculated using the lookup tables with CLOUD measurements of BHN, BIMN, THN, and TIMN is presented. The lookup tables cover a wide range of key parameters controlling binary, ternary, and ion-mediated nucleation in the Earth's atmosphere and are a cost-efficient solution for multidimensional modeling. The lookup tables and FORTRAN codes, made available through this work, can be readily used in 3-D modeling. The lookup tables can also be used by experimentalists involved in laboratory and field measurements for a quick assessment of nucleation involving H2SO4, H2O, NH3, and ions.