Exorcism and Justified Belief in Demons

The paper offers a three-premise argument that a person with first-hand experience of possession and exorcism, such as an exorcist, can have a justified belief in the existence of demons. (1) “Exorcism involves a process by which the exorcist comes to believe that testimony is offered by a demon.” Cited for (1) are the Gospels, the Roman Ritual, some modern cases of exorcism, and exorcism practices in non-Christian contexts. (2) “If defeaters are absent, the exorcist may treat as reliable the process by which he comes to believe that testimony is offered by a demon.” For (2) a case is offered that we have a reliable ability to identify when testimony is being offered and when it is being offered by particular types of agents, what is termed testifier-identification. (3) “In many cases of exorcism, defeaters are absent.” An inductive case is given for (3) by responding to possible defeaters, including several suggested recently by David Kyle Johnson. Therefore, in many cases of exorcism the exorcist may treat as reliable the processes by which he comes to believe that testimony is offered by a demon, and so can have a justified belief in the existence of demons.

Kualitas Hidup Wanita Pesisir Penjual Ikan dalam Memenuhi Kesejahteran Keluarga

The purpose of this study was to determine the productivity of Fish Coastal Women (Dher eddher) and Existence of Selling Fish Coastal Women (Dher eddher) In achieving family welfare. This study uses qualitative phenomenological method by describing and analyzing data so that it is found a general tendency that can be used as further material in descriptive with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques in this study were by observation, documentation and interviews with 20 informants from five villages in two sub-districts of Tlanakan and Pademawu Pamekasan. The results of the study showed that Pamekasan coastal women who became Selling Fish (dher eddher) were very productive because they met all the productivity factors of Selling Fish Coastal Women (dher eddher) in their performance were good motivation factors, reliable ability and experience, sellers the mobile fish has a good work ethic and discipline in work, the income is sufficient. and the work environment includes facilities and health in the work are fulfilled. Coastal Woman olso can fulfill the welfare of the family because the quality of life in terms of material, physical, health and facilities that are owned in the household and other facilities meet the criteria of a prosperous family.Abstrak.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui produktifitas wanita pesisir sebagai Penjual ikan keliling (der eddher) dan wanita pesisir sebagai Penjual ikan keliling (der eddher) dalam memenuhi kesejahteran keluarga. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif fenomenologi dengan mendeskripsikan dan menganalisa data sehingga ditemukan kecenderungan umum yang dapat dijadikan bahan lebih lanjut dalam deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengambilan data dalam penelitian ini dengan observasi, dokumetasi dan wawancara dengan 20 informan dari lima desa di dua kecamatan Tlanakan dan Pademawu Kabupaten Pamekasan. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa wanita pesisir Pamekasan yang menajadi penjual ikan keliling (dher eddher) sangat produktif karena memenuhi semua faktor-faktor produktifitas wanita pesisir penjual ikan keliling (dher eddher) dalam kinerjanya adalah faktor motivasi yang baik, kemampuan dan pengalaman yang handal, para penjual ikan keliling tersebut mampunyai etos kerja yang baik, disiplin dalam bekerja, pendapatannya cukup dan lingkungan kerja meliputi sarana dan kesehatan dalam bekerja terpenuhi. Wanita pesisir juga dapat memuhi kesejahteran kelauraga karena kualitas hidup dari segi materi, fisik, kesehatan dan fasilitas yang dimiliki dalam rumah tangga dan sarana lainnya memenuhi kriteria keluarga sejahtera.

De Moeilijkheidsgraad van Schoolboektektsen als Grondslag Voor het Vaststellen van Tekstbegripvaardigheid

The assessment of text difficulty has played an important role in the development of the 'Elektronische tekstbegriptoets voor de brugklas', a tool for screening students in the first year of secondary education on their text comprehension skills. On the one hand, the investigation was intended to enable a well-considered selection of texts as a basis for the comprehension test. On the other hand, it provided the criteria needed to develop a reliable ability scale. A corpus was built of over a hundred texts taken from schoolbooks of different levels. The texts were analysed on three different linguistic properties: mean length of words, mean length of sentences, and coverage (percentage of words belonging to the 2000 most basic Dutch words). It was found that especially coverage is a strong indicator of text difficulty.