Game addiction among adolescents and its’ health impacts

Online gaming is a self-entertaining activity and can be addictive. Game addiction has a negative impact. This study aimed to determine the health belief model of adolescent game disorders on health impacts. This study used a qualitative phenomenology method. Data obtained through semi-structured interviews. The sample consisted of six participants. The results showed thatall participants felt vulnerable to disease, then overall realized the dangers of playing games such as staying up late, delaying eating, and delaying urinating. Then all participants learn about the benefits of reducing playtime and understand the importance of rest. Overall, all participants had the same obstacles, namely the invitation to make friends, boredom, free time, fun playing games, and not control themselves and the trend of electronic sports. Then an action stimulus was obtained, namely that all participants experienced changes in sleep patterns. All participants were sure and wanted to change their habits and continue to try, but it wasn't easy. Suggestions for participants to maintain health by limiting their playing hours to at least one hour a day to meet their physical needs.

Pupil Reactions to Tactile Stimulation: A Systematic Review

Pupil dynamics can represent an indirect measure of perception; thus, it has been broadly explored in the auditory and visual fields. Although it is crucial for experiencing the outside world, tactile perception is not well-explored. Considering that, we sought to answer the following question via a systematic review: does normal tactile perception processing modulate pupil dilation in mammals (human or not)? The review process was conducted according to PRISMA Statement. We searched on Periódicos CAPES (Brazil) for the following terms: [(touch) OR (cutaneous stimulation) OR (tactile perception) OR (somatosensory) AND (pupil OR pupillary) NOT blind NOT reflex NOT pain NOT fear NOT noxious NOT autism NOT nerve NOT (pupillary block) NOT glaucoma NOT cataract NOT aneurysm NOT syndrome NOT treatment NOT special education]. From the 6,488 papers found, 4,568 were duplicates, and nine fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All papers found a positive relationship between pupil diameter and tactile perception. We found that the pupil is a reliable indirect measure of brain states and can evaluate norepinephrine (NE)/locus coeruleus (LC) action, stimulus inhibition, arousal, cognitive processes, and affection independently of the stimuli category (visual, auditory, or tactile). We also found that the perceptual tactile processing occurs in similar ways as the other perceptual modalities. We verified that more studies should be done, mostly avoiding low sampling rate recording systems, confounders as cue signs, not automated stimulation, and concurrent stimulus and using more reliable equipment.

Action–Sound Coincidences Suppress Evoked Responses of the Human Auditory Cortex in EEG and MEG

The N1 auditory ERP and its magnetic counterpart (N1[m]) are suppressed when elicited by self-induced sounds. Because the N1(m) is a correlate of auditory event detection, this N1 suppression effect is generally interpreted as a reflection of the workings of an internal forward model: The forward model captures the contingency (causal relationship) between the action and the sound, and this is used to cancel the predictable sensory reafference when the action is initiated. In this study, we demonstrated in three experiments using a novel coincidence paradigm that actual contingency between actions and sounds is not a necessary condition for N1 suppression. Participants performed time interval production tasks: They pressed a key to set the boundaries of time intervals. Concurrently, but independently of keypresses, a sequence of pure tones with random onset-to-onset intervals was presented. Tones coinciding with keypresses elicited suppressed N1(m) and P2(m), suggesting that action–stimulus contiguity (temporal proximity) is sufficient to suppress sensory processing related to the detection of auditory events.