Juveniles and undersized fish in small-scale fisheries: gillnets are not less implied than trawling

Of particular concern in commercial fishing catch is 'size bycatch', i.e., the death of early stages of resources that would reach a marketable value when they turn into adults. This event is frequently associated with trawling because of the lower size selectivity of this gear as compared to gillnets. However, this is expected when small-scale fisheries (SSF) employ gillnets simultaneously in setnets + driftnets that mix multiple mesh sizes. This work analyzes fishing captures and compares characteristics of fish catch from gillnets and trawlers with respect to size at first maturation, legal size of capture, and expected discards. Data were obtained from 2007-2021 for SSF in Southern Brazil. A total of 112 fish species were represented in the data. Gillnets exploited fewer species than trawlers; however, most of these constitute fishing resources in the study region. Of the 19 species whose maturation size is known, nine occurred in gillnets as juveniles, and of the 14 species for which the legal size of capture is established, seven occurred in gillnets in prohibited sizes. Gillnets and trawlers presented size bycatch and affected different species between them, with four resources that were present in bycatch from both gillnets and trawlers. The broad range of mesh sizes employed by SSF warns of the discarding of undersized captures, and stresses the importance of policies addressing gillnet management.

Anthropogenic Actions and Socioenvironmental Changes in Lake of Juá, Brazilian Amazonia

The Amazonia rainforest has natural spaces that have undergone extensive and intense transformations, mainly to meet economic demands, camouflaged in biological and social needs. As one of the consequences of this process, the production and expansion of the urban space stand out. In this context, this research describes the historical, spatial, and temporal aspects of land use and occupation in the surroundings of Lake of Juá, located in the municipality of Santarém, west of the State of Pará, Brazil, in order to highlight the main changes in the landscape and socioenvironmental changes arising from this dynamic. The study was conducted based on photographic records, elaboration, and analysis of cartographic data, in addition to the perceptions of residents and fishermen located in the study area, which, together, contributed to the understanding of the historical and spatial changes that led to the current socioenvironmental transformations in the surroundings of the lake. The residents and local fishermen of Lake of Juá, through semi-structured interviews, listed several socioenvironmental overlapping problems that had many impacts on this lake ecosystem, such as deforestation, silting, contamination of water resources and, consequently, fishing resources, loss of biodiversity and conflict of interest. The degradation and decharacterization of the landscape around the lake has compromised the maintenance of this lake ecosystem, as significant and even irreversible transformations have been caused in the community and in the ecological environment, especially when taking into account the absence of public policies or their inefficiency.

Payment scheme for environmental services as a management strategy to regulate artisanal fishing in the Integrated Management District Cispata, Colombia

Marine and coastal ecosystems are characterized as highly productive areas in terms of the benefits they provide to humanity, with food provision being one of the most important. In 2018, in the Cispata Integrated Management District (DMI Cispata), due to the decrease in fishing resources, artisanal fishermen signed agreements for the recovery of the resource; however, they have not been implemented for various reasons. This study shows the viability of a Payment Scheme for Environmental Services as an alternative to induce compliance with fishing agreements. The analysis developed here indicates that the DMI Cispata fulfills the necessary conditions to implement this economic instrument benefiting 20 fishing organizations in the area.

Profile and Perceptions of Teachers on Distance Education in Fishing, Aquaculture and Fishing Resources During the Pandemic (COVID-19)

O objetivo do estudo foi delinear o perfil dos professores e suas percepções sobre educação a distância (EAD) em cursos técnicos de pesca, aquicultura e recursos pesqueiros, durante a pandemia (COVID-19). O estudo foi realizado com 30 professores do Instituto Federal de Ciências da Educação e Tecnologia do Pará (IFPA). Utilizou-se um questionário semiestruturado on-line, com perguntas sobre a caracterização do professor e aspectos relacionados ao ensino a distância. Entre os professores, observou-se a predominância de homens, na faixa etária de 31 a 40 anos, solteiros, graduados e tecnólogos com mais de 10 anos de graduação concluídos e 50% de médicos. Identificamos que eles têm entre 3 e 5 anos de ensino e a maioria deles desenvolve atividades de ensino no curso técnico em aquicultura. Além do que, além do mais, priorizam metodologias teóricas e práticas, utilizando ferramentas tecnológicas em sala de aula. Além disso, eles ensinam as disciplinas e ficam satisfeitos no exercício de seu trabalho. Quando questionados sobre as interferências da pandemia no progresso escolar e a possibilidade de trabalhar em educação a distância, afirmaram que o semestre letivo foi comprometido e não está preparado para atuar nessa modalidade. Além disso, apontaram que a falta de acesso à Internet e aos computadores, nas residências dos estudantes, compromete a possibilidade de educação on-line para a continuidade do ensino. O Sistema Integrado de Gestão de Atividades Acadêmicas (SIGAA), foi apresentado como a principal ferramenta no ensino a distância. Em conclusão, a formação de professores e alunos em educação a distância. Keywords: Coronavirus. Distance education. Aquatic organisms.

Trends in scientific publication on ethnozoology: Brazil’s highlight in international science

We investigate the trends of the scientific publication on ethno-zoological studies by using the word 'Ethnozoology' in the Web of Science database. We associate the number of published documents with the timescale, publication sources, countries and affiliations, authors, and most frequent words in the publications. We found 177 documents published between 1967 and 2019, with a significant increase over the last 10 years. The Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge hosted 39% of the publications. Brazil represented by the Universities: Paraíba State, Paraíba Federal and Pernambuco Rural Federal led 44% of the publications. Alves RRN was the most prominent author, maintaining a high index of publications since 2005. Conservation, animals, knowledge, remedies, fishing communities and folk medicine were the most frequent words in the publications. Despite, ethnozoology to be a traditional science, with more than 50 years since its first published study; Scientific knowledge about ethnozoology has been concentrated in the last 10 years, being mainly developed by Brazilians, who have published in international impact journals. The most relevant words demonstrated that knowledge about the use of animals as fishing resources and folk medicine has major implications for the conservation of biodiversity.

Participação comunitária na gestão de recursos pesqueiros na Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Soure, Amazônia Marajoara (PA)

As políticas ambientais brasileiras criadas no final do século XX influenciaram significativamente o manejo dos recursos naturais no país. Elas possibilitaram novos tipos de gestão ambiental e a criação de áreas protegidas, atualmente gerenciadas por meio de dispositivos de governança que envolvem a esfera institucional e os arranjos locais. O Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC), especificamente as Reservas Extrativistas Marinhas (Resex), são exemplos-chave para pensar em como a governança territorial e ambiental, através de novos instrumentos, permite a gestão inovadora dos recursos naturais de modo sustentável, equitativo e compartilhado. Com base nessa premissa, o objetivo deste texto foi o de analisar a participação comunitária na gestão dos recursos pesqueiros na Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Soure, Marajó (PA). Para atingir esse objetivo, pesquisas de campo ocorreram entre 2015 e 2019 com base na perspectiva metodológica do estudo de caso e de métodos qualitativos de pesquisa, focados em geografia. Foram aplicadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação participante a pescadores artesanais e funcionários do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) e houve participação em reuniões internas dos comunitários e do Conselho Deliberativo. Abstract COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE FISHING RESOURCES IN SOURE MARINE EXTRACTIVE RESERVE, IN MARAJOARA AMAZON (PA) Brazilian environmental policies created at the end of the twentieth century have significantly influenced the management of natural resource in the country. They have made possible new types of environmental management and the creation of protected areas that are currently managed through governance devices involving the institutional sphere and local arrangements. The National System of Conservation Units, specifically, Marine Extractive Reserves, are key examples for thinking about how environmental governance, through new instruments, allows for innovative sustainable resource management, which is at once sustainable, equitable and shared. Based on this premise, this paper aims to analyze the community participation in the management of the fishing resources in the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve, Marajó (PA). To achieve this end, field researchs took place between 2015 and 2019 by using a case study methodological perspective and qualitative research methods, focused in geography. Moreover, I have applied semi structured interviews and participant observation with locals and Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation’s (ICMBio) staff and there was participation in the internal meetings of the locals and the Deliberative Council.